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BY 
IDA Slf\.W MARTIN ^ 
A. B. 



h 



'- SIXTH EDITION 

igi8 



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LTi A\ 



•MA- 



19 15., 2. 



Copyrighted 
1905, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1914, 1918 
By 
IDA SHAW MARTIN ^ 



d|e Collegiate ^rsss 

George Banta Publishing Cosipany 
Men ASH A, Wisconsin 

-6 1918 



v£^G!,A497188 ^ 



In general plan the present edition follows that used in the 
five preceding issues. More emphasis, however, has been laid 
on the essential difference between the two classes of collegiate 
sororities, the ^ literary'' and the ^^professional.'' In the for- 
mer group are placed all those that confine their charter 
grants to institutions of the ^'cultural" type, while under the 
second heading are listed such as are found in institutions or 
university schools that train students for some profession. 

The ^ literary'' sororities have been further subdivided. 
The first division, called the Congress Class, includes all sorori- 
ties on the roll of the National Panhellenic Congress. In the 
second, or Junior Class, are grouped all other literary sorori- 
ties previously listed in the Handbook and still in existence. 
The term ^^ Junior" has been selected in preference to any 
other, because most of the sororities in this class are expecting 
to restrict charter grants to Junior Colleges, i. e., to institu- 
tions doing two years' bona fide college work. The ^^profes- 
sional" sororities fall quite naturally into five subdivisions — 
legal, medical, musical, osteopathic and pedagogical. 

The two plates of sorority badges are new, and were made 
possible through the kindly assistance of individuals or the 
courteous cooperation of the following jewelry firms, — D. L. 



Auld Co. of Columbus, 0., L. C Balfour Co. of Attleboro. 
Mass., Burr, Patterson and Co. of Detroit, Bunde, Upmeyei 
Company of Milwaukee, A. H. Fetting Co. of Baltimore. 
Hoover and Smith Co. of Philadelphia, 0. C. Lanphear oi 
Galesburg, 111., Miller Jewelry Co. of Cincinnati, J. F. New- 
man of New York, Edward Roehm of Detroit, and Wright 
Kay and Co. of Detroit. 

Ida Shaw Martin. 
(Mrs. "Wm. Holmes Martin.) 

5 Cobden St., 

Roxbury, Mass. 

January 1, 1918, 



CHAPTER I 

The Higher Education of Women 

To the popular mind the higher education of women is 
synonymous with a college education. Strictly speaking 
the term covers a wider field and includes professional as well 
as collegiate training. The college girl is probably quite 
familiar with the four types of institutions at which the alum- 
nae of secondary schools may continue their education, viz., the 
coeducational college, the independent college, the affiliated 
college and the coordinate college. 

Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of col- 
lege education in the United States. About sixty per cent 
of the six hundred colleges in the country are coeducational, 
while there are less than twenty independent colleges of high 
grade, seven affiliated colleges and about the same number of 
coordinate colleges. To understand the reasons for this 
characteristic feature as a well-defined policy in our system 
of education, we must turn back the pages of our country's 
history. 

The close of the revolution found the American States 
independent, but not united. The country was without a 
head and Congress without power. There was distress and 
discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill and 
the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A fortunate 
circumstance at this critical period was the common interest 



2 The Higher Education 

that seven of the thirteen states had in the great Northwest 
Territory. The people were buoyed up by the hope that these 
states would release their claims and by transferring their 
interests to the national government would furnish Congress 
with the means to pay off the war debt. This generosity 
was of far-reaching significance in its influence upon education 
in the Western States. The thirteen original colonies had 
copied closely the educational systems of the Old World, 
particularly those of England. The great Northwest Ter- 
ritory was sparsely settled and education was at best em- 
bryonic. An ordinance passed in 1787 by the Continental 
Congress provided for the government of this vast section and 
specified that there should be a reservation in every town- 
ship for the maintenance of public schools. This was later 
interpreted as providing also for the reservation of lands for 
university endowment. In this way the future of the state 
university was assured. At the time this ordinance was 
passed, however, there was no thought in the minds of the 
legislators that a strong impulse was given to the higher educa- 
tion of women. The daughters of colonial homes were busy 
with baking and brewing, with spinning and weaving, with 
the manifold household duties for w^hich no labor-saving 
devices had yet been invented. Even the daughters of the 
well-to-do had little time or interest for any education save 
such superficial knowledge as might be acquired at the fashion- 
able finishing school. 

The half century following the Revolution was noteworthy 
for the establishment of district schools and academies, and 
for the awakening of new ideas concerning the education of 



The Higher Education 3 

girls. The year 1830, when the first locomotive was built, is 
an epoch-marking date in the history of the United States 
and no less so in the history of the higher education for women. 
The building of railroads and the consequent growth of cities 
was followed by a great revival in educational interests, re- 
sulting in state supervision and the opening of high and nor- 
mal schools for girls. The years immediately following wit- 
nessed the transfer of many industries from the home to the 
factory and deprived women of their usual occupations, leav- 
ing them a large measure of leisure. 

It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with her 
gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must look for 
the beginning of college education for women. Oberlin Col- 
lege, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, but 
not chartered as a college until 1850, was the first institution 
to offer advanced courses to women as well as men. In 1836 
Mary Lyon secured a charter from the Massachusetts Legis- 
lature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, which though it did not 
pretend to offer collegiate courses yet stood firm for serious 
work and high standards. Wesleyan College, incorporated 
by the Legislature of Georgia and opened in 1839, was the first 
woman's college to receive a charter from any state, and was 
one of a number of schools opened about this same time in the 
South for the higher education of women. Galesburg, IlL, is 
worthy of mention as having had enterprise enough to support 
two colleges, Knox and Lombard, both of which admitted 
women practically from the beginning, the former in 1845, 
the latter in 1851. In 1853 Antioch College in Ohio was 
opened under the presidency of Horace Mann and admitted 



4 The Higher Education 

men and women on equal terms. Elmira College, established 
in 1855 by the Presbyterian Synod, was the first woman's col- 
lege in the north to receive a charter. The state universities 
of Iowa and Utah, opened respectively in 1847 and 1850, ad- 
mitted women from the first. A few institutions under re- 
ligious control in the Middle West, bearing the name of col- 
lege, but doing work little higher than the best secondary 
schools of the present time, were induced to admit women as 
the result of these experiments. Except, however, in the dis- 
tricts, where the influence of these pioneer schools was felt, 
little marked progress was made. Women were still the slaves 
of tradition. 

Strangely enough it is to the Civil War that we must look 
for the complete emancipation of women educationally. The 
continuous fighting during the four years of the war and the 
consequent drafts upon the Northern states for soldiers 
drained this section of its men and led to the employment of 
women as teachers in the secondary schools. This arrange- 
ment, at first considered only temporary, proved to be perma- 
nent, and thinking men soon realized that the much debated 
question of higher education for women had become a matter 
of expediency. In this time of immediate need what was more 
natural than that the people should demand that existing col- 
leges hitherto sacred to men should open their doors to women ? 
The well-endowed universities made a strong stand against 
what they considered an intrusion. They claimed that they 
did this from a sense of duty to the past, to the founders and 
givers of endowments. The state universities, however, could 
make no such plea. Their endowments came from state or 



The Higher Education 5 

federal government without restriction as to sex, and the 
people failed to see the need of establishing separate colleges 
for women when the state universities were already in exist- 
ence. Before long their doors, willingly or unwillingly, 
swung open to maid as well as man, — Kansas in 1866, Indi- 
ana and Wisconsin in 1867, California in 1868, Minnesota, 
Missouri and Nebraska in 1869, Illinois, Michigan and Ohio 
in 1870. The opening of the University of Michigan to women 
was in direct opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon 
demand from the state legislature and is interesting as show- 
ing the sentiment of the people. All state universities or- 
ganized since 1871 have admitted women from the first. 

Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard were 
very different. There were no state universities and the 
famous colleges already established refused to admit women. 
Certain concessions, to be sure, have been made after pro- 
longed agitation, as in the case of Radcliffe, opened as Harvard 
Annex in 1879, incorporated as a college for women in 1894 
and granting its own degrees, w^here the instruction is given 
by members of the Harvard faculty and the diplomas counter- 
signed by the President of Harvard University as a guarantee 
that the degrees are equivalent to the corresponding degrees 
given by the university ; again in the case of Barnard, opened 
in 1889 and incorporated in 1900 as an undergraduate wo- 
man's college of Columbia University, where the instruction 
is given entirely by professors appointed by university trustees 
and assigned to service in Barnard, where the A.B. degree 
is granted by the university and women who have taken their 
first degree are admitted to Columbia on the same terms as 



6 The Higher Education 

men, and lastly, in the case of the Woman's College of Brown 
University, established as a regular department in 1897, 
though women were admitted informally as early as 1892. 
These concessions grudgingly given turned many promising 
young women, who resented this attitude of what they con- 
sidered selfish monopoly, to the independent colleges for 
women and resulted in the marked and vigorous growth of 
these institutions in the East. Four of these, Vassar, "Wells, 
Wellesley and Smith, were chartered within a period of ten 
years, and were soon followed by Bryn Mawr, Groucher and 
Randolph-Macon Woman's College. Mt. Holyoke, HoUins and 
Wheaton grew out of famous seminaries. Rockford College 
in Illinois, opened as a seminary in 1849, chartered as a college 
in 1892, and still retaining a preparatory department, and 
Mills College in California, opened as a seminary in 1865, 
chartered as a college in 1885, are the only examples of inde- 
pendent colleges of A rank for women in the vast section de- 
voted to coeducation. By their smallness they bear eloquent 
testimony to the popular demand for coeducation. 

Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in 1886 and 
affiliated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct as 
regards its location and faculty, and Florida College for 
Women, opened in 1905 as an affiliated college of the state 
university, which had become coeducational in 1888, are ex- 
amples of the old-time Southern prejudice. The abandon- 
ment of coeducation at Western Reserve University in 1888 
after a trial of sixteen years and the establishment of a co- 
ordinate college for women under the university charter re- 



The Higher Education 7 

suited from a decision of the trustees to call the college back 
to its original purpose, to educate men only, a decision which 
seemed the wisest solution of the difficulties growing out of 
an attempt to engraft coeducation upon an institution 
modeled after New England ideas. The decision of the trus- 
tees of Wesleyan University to limit the number of women 
admitted in any one year to twenty per cent, of the whole 
number of students enrolled in the preceding year and their 
later acknowledgment of defeat when they voted to admit no 
women after the class of 1913, may be taken as another in- 
stance of the futility of the attempt to introduce coeducation 
at a New England college. The segregation policy of Chicago 
University, adopted by the trustees in October, 1902, whereby 
separate instruction is provided as far as possible for men and 
women during the freshman and sophomore years, was ex- 
plained by President Harper as due in a large measure to 
the proximity of the university to a great metropolis and the 
increasing enrolment of young women students. The de- 
cision of the trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr. University to 
limit the number of women students to five hundred at any 
time is, according to President Jordan, in harmony with the 
founder's purpose. Adelphi College, after sixteen years of 
coeducation, solved its OT^m particular problem in 1912 by 
becoming a woman's college. 

The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in establish- 
ing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty years of 
coeducation and the complete separation of the two in the 
required work of the first two years is said to be due to a 



8 The Higher Education 

desire to make suitable and adequate provision for the culture 
and intellectual training of young women, to enable them to 
enjoy a more distinct social life while in college and to provide 
for them an independent system of honors and prizes. The 
College for Women opened at Bucknell University in 1905, 
though at present only a hall of residence, since very little 
instruction is given separately, is nevertheless the beginning 
of a definite plan for separation. The system of coordination 
in vogue for some years at Colby and the more recent decision 
to introduce separation in chapel exercises are the first steps 
toward the establishment of an affiliated college for women. 
The opening of Jackson college for women in 1910, after 
an experience of eighteen years with coeducation at Tufts, 
came as no surprise to the college world of New England. 
The coordinate college seems to be the accepted solu- 
tion of the vexatious problem of providing collegiate instruc- 
tion for women in connection with well-established colleges 
for men. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 



CHAPTER II 

The Evolution of the Sorority System 

The year 1776, remarkable in the annals of history as 
witnessing the beginning of a mighty nation through the union 
of thirteen colonies, a union that was to stand preeminently 
for the brotherhood of man, saw also the foundations laid for 
another union, another brotherhood, that, like its prototype, 
was destined to grow into a mighty power. On the fifth of 
December, the Phi Beta Kappa Society was founded at Wil- 
liam and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. This was the first 
of the secret Greek-letter Societies and therefore the parent 
of the modern fraternity system, which has become so large 
a factor in the college life of the United States. 

The originators of Phi Beta Kappa made early provision 
for charter grants to other colleges, yet nearly half a century 
passed before its roll numbered five chapters and before an- 
other Greek-letter society was founded. Colleges were few 
and scattered, the country in the throes of a great war. The 
colleges established prior to the Revolution were but nine in 
number. Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693), Yale 
(1701), Princeton (1746), King's now Columbia (1754), 
Pennsylvania (1757), Rutgers (1763), Brown (1764) and 
Dartmouth (1770). No small proportion of their endowment 
had come from the mother country, but the Declaration of 



10 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

Independence naturally put an end to donations from Eng- 
land and crippled the resources of existing colleges. The 
period of business depression immediately following the close 
of the war, the general instability of the government, the con- 
tinued difficulties with England resulting in the War of 1812, 
were not conducive to ease of mind or educational progress. 

The years from 1821 to 1837, however, found the country 
in a flourishing condition. The United States had demonstrat- 
ed on land and sea its right to be considered a world power. Its 
credit was good, its people prosperous. The tremendous im- 
pulse given to trade and immigration by the use of steam as 
a motive power, the rapid development of the country owing 
to the construction of state roads and artificial waterways, the 
mighty stimulus afforded public thought by the daily appear- 
ance of the penny newspaper, the great awakening of interest 
in popular education as a result of the heroic labors of Horace 
Mann in Massachusetts and of Henry Barnard in New York, 
had produced a nation that was alert and enterprising. It 
w^as but natural that these same years of peace, prosperity and 
progress should witness the establishment of many new col- 
leges as well as a great increase in matriculation at the older 
institutions. 

While a college is small it is possible for every student to 
know intimately all the others and to be in close touch with 
the different members of the faculty, but as the numbers in- 
crease the personal relation between professor and student is 
eliminated more and more, and the undergraduates are forced 
to find sympathetic companionship in a small group of class- 
mates. So long as a boy is conscious of sympathy and in- 



The Evolution op the Sorority System 11 

terest on the part of the family in himself, his hopes, his plans, 
his ambitions, he will seek no further, but the moment he has 
lost faith in those of his own household he will go elsewhere 
in search of the perfect understanding that his nature craves. 
The American professor is a boy at heart, he understands 
young men, but the pressure of work is severe both in and out 
of the classroom and there is a limit to human possibilities, to 
human endurance. The crowded classroom, the ascetic dor- 
mitory, the cheerless boarding house gave birth to the frater- 
nity. They have given birth to worse impulses, but to no 
better. That the fraternity became a college society instead 
of a more limited organization, that it eventually included 
members from all undergraduate classes instead of being 
restricted to those of one particular year is a tribute to the 
democratic spirit and magnanimity of the American college 
student. 

The need and attractiveness of these organizations is at- 
tested to by the fact that fourteen vigorous fraternities were 
founded at Northern colleges within the next quarter century, 
—Kappa Alpha, 1825, Sigma Phi, 1827, Delta Phi, 1827, all 
three at Union, Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton, 1832, Psi Upsilon, 
Union, 1833, Delta Upsilon, Williams, 1834, Beta Theta Pi, 
Miami, 1839, Chi Psi, Union, 1841, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Yale, 
1844, Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, Zeta Psi, New York Univer- 
sity, 1847, Phi Gamma Delta, Jefferson, 1848, Theta Delta Chi, 
Union, 1848, Phi Delta Theta, Miami, 1848. Alpha Sigma 
Phi, Yale, 1845, was also established during this period, but 
did not enter upon a career of extension until rather recently. 
The period from 1850 to the Civil War was an era of insta- 



12 The Evolution op the Sorority System 

bility, yet six new fraternities came into existence, four in th^ 
North and two in the South, — Phi Kappa Sigma, PennsyL 
vania, 1850, Phi Kappa Psi, Jefferson, 1852, Chi Phi, Prince- 
ton, 1854, which lays claim to being a revival of a similarly 
named society established at the same college thirty years be- 
fore, Sigma Chi, Miami, 1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Alabama 
1856, Delta Tau Delta, Bethany, 1859. The five years im- 
mediately following the close of the Civil War are remarkable 
as giving birth to five fraternities and those all founded ii 
Virginia, — Alpha Tau Omega, Virginia Military Institute 
1865, Kappa Alpha (Southern Order), Washington and Lee 
1865, Pi Kappa Alpha, University of Virginia, 1868, Sigm{ 
Nu, Virginia Military Institute, 1869, Kappa Sigma, Univer 
sity of Virginia, 1869. These twenty-five fraternities, to 
gether with one other. Phi Sigma Kappa, founded at th( 
Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1873, had the fielc 
practically to themselves for more than thirty years, but th< 
twentieth century is giving evidence of renewed activity ii 
founding fraternities, for the year 1901 alone gave birth t( 
two new societies that have made a place for themselves al 
ready, Sigma Phi Epsilon, established at Richmond, and Delt| 
Sigma Phi, founded at the College of the City of New YorS 
Alpha Chi Rho, founded at Trinity College, also came intj 
prominence about this same time. Theta Chi, after nearly 
half a century as a local at Norwich University, felt the cajj 
to expand in 1903 and has since then been growing steadily 
When opportunities for collegiate- training became a poss| 
bility for women it was but natural, especially in the coedn 
cational institutions, that college girls should be anxious ti 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 13 

enjoy the manifest advantages that membership in these secret 
organizations secured. It was not surprising, then, to find 
that one-third of the existing sororities were founded at co- 
educational colleges within three years after the admission of 
women. .The first secret society for women, so far as is known, 
was the Adelphean, founded at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga., 
in 1851, which changed its name to Alpha Delta Phi Sorority 
in 1905. A similar sorority, established in 1852 as the 
Philomathean, became Phi Mu and a national in 1904. Both 
were suspended for a few years during the Civil War owing 
to the closing of the institution, but were kept alive through 
the efforts of resident members. Another society, founded in 
1856, and interesting historically as probably the first one 
composed of women to bear a Greek name was Chi Theta Delta, 
which existed for several years at the Troy Female Seminary 
and which was instituted by delegations from the Rensselaer 
and Union chapters of Theta Delta Chi. The oldest secret 
organization to enjoy an uninterrupted existence up to the 
present day was Kappa Sigma, founded at Elmira College in 
1856. This was followed ten years later by Phi Mu at the 
same college. Neither of these societies began life with Greek 
names, but the change was made very early in their history. 
The first national organization, or sorority, was the I. C. Soro- 
sis, founded at Monmouth College in 1867, and known since 
1888 as Pi Beta Phi. The first sorority to bear a Greek name 
was Kappa Alpha Theta, founded at De Pauw University in 
1870. The establishment of Kappa Kappa Gamma in this 
same year at Monmouth College, of Alpha Phi at Syracuse 
University in 1872, of Delta Gamma at Louis Institute, — a 



14 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

boarding school for girls at Oxford, Miss., the seat of the State 
University, in January, 1874, of Gamma Phi Beta at Syracuse 
University and of Sigma Kappa at Colby College in November 
of that same year, of Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha at Wellesley 
in 1876, shows how simultaneous and spontaneous was the 
development of the fraternity idea among college women in 
different sections of the country. There is no doubt that 
numerous similar organizations existed in other colleges, for 
sorority records show a number of instances where such socie- 
ties applied for charters and became enrolled as chapters of 
the more vigorous orders. The phenomenal growth of the 
latter and the rise of the more recent sororities can be readily 
accounted for by the rapid increase in matriculation. 

Of the fourteen Greek-letter societies established prior to 
1880 and in existence today, all but three. Kappa Sigma and 
Phi Mu of Elmira and Zeta Alpha of Wellesley have estab- 
lished chapters, but only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kappa Alpha 
Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Gamma were any- 
thing more than local organizations at that date. Alpha Phi 
established its second chapter at Northwestern in 1881, Gamma 
Phi Beta placed its second at the University of Michigan 
in 1882. Phi Sigma organized a branch at Wesleyan Univer- 
sity in 1893, but this became extinct after an existence of ten 
years. Sigma Kappa waited nearly thirty years before grant- 
ing its first charter to petitioners at Boston University in 
1904. Alpha Delta Phi and Phi Mu remained locals for more 
than half a century. The fact that barely tw^enty chapters 
established between 1870 and 1880 have had an unbroken 
existence is a striking proof of the general disfavor with which 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 15 

the higher education of women was regarded in its experi- 
mental stage. The establishment of sixty-three vigorous chap- 
ters during the next decade shows conclusively that the ex- 
periment w^as a success and that the sorority idea was becom- 
ing firmly entrenched. The granting of sixty charters to col- 
lege petitioners between 1890 and 1900 bears testimony to the 
growing popularity of collegiate training for women. The 
fact that over two hundred college chapters were established 
within the last decade and that many new sororities have 
come into prominence within that same period would indicate 
that the twentieth century is extending the heartiest kind of 
welcome to the sorority as well as to the college girl. 

One interesting phase in the evolution of the system has 
been the organization of special sororities by musical and 
medical students. Though by no means affecting such large 
numbers of matriculates, they are solving the same problems 
that confront the literary sororities, especially along the line 
of providing opportunities for the growth of congenial friend- 
ships. The simple social life that these organizations make a 
possibility is a great boon to those who are in a measure shut 
out from active participation in the general college life that 
centers about the academic departments of the large univer- 
sities. 

Extension 

Approximately speaking the number of men enrolled in the 
colleges of the United States is twice that of the women. Ex- 
clusive of professional societies, which have no real bearing on 
the ease in point, the fraternities are twice as numerous as the 



16 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

sororities. When, however, it comes to a question of the rela- 
tive number of chapters, statistics show that there are three 
fraternity chapters to every sorority chapter, even when local 
societies at the women's colleges that are unfriendly to the 
national sorority idea are counted in the total number. The 
natural inference would be that the sorority is not so popular 
with college women as the fraternity is with college men. Any- 
one, however, who knows how many local societies have pe- 
titions before the sororities is aware how very far from true 
such an inference would be. A certain proportion of these 
petitions, to be sure, has come from colleges which have not 
reached the standards set by the leading universities of the 
country and which, therefore, will fail to meet the first re- 
quirements of the largest and most popular sororities, but, 
even when these applications are omitted from the list, enough 
remain so that it would not be a very difficult matter for the 
sororities to double their chapter rolls by accession from col- 
leges that have been admitted by common consent to be 
eligible to consideration. 

Few locals have the courage to become the nucleus of a 
national organization, but prefer to wait anywhere from two 
to ten years for recognition from some well-known sorority. 
They reason that while they stand alone they have only them- 
selves to consider, whereas if they were to place chapters of 
their own organization in other colleges, they would lose the 
local prestige that comes from having a petition before a 
famous sorority and would have to meet their rivals as a chap- 
ter of a weak society. Confident of securing the coveted 
charter by patience and persistency and of acquiring, thereby, 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 17 

the reputation that would come to them as a branch of some 
famous order, they continue to keep their petition before 
the sorority of their choice, even after they have been assured 
repeatedly of the impossibility of a charter grant and have 
been advised to apply elsewhere. Deference to the wishes of 
their alumnae and consideration for their own immediate wel- 
fare in the matter of rushing determine to a large degree their 
attitude in this matter. 

There is probably no sorority that has not cherished, at 
some time in its career, the idea of entering the famous inde- 
pendent colleges for women. The high standards, the large 
enrolment, two things that mean plenty of good sorority 
material, have always proved very attractive to organizations 
that, like Phi Beta Kappa, are anxious to have their chapter 
rolls stand for the best in education. Two prominent inde- 
pendent colleges, Goucher and Randolph-Macon, and several 
of the affiliated colleges, Barnard, Jackson, Middlebury, and 
Newcomb admit national sororities, but up to the present time 
the big colleges, Bryn Mawr, Mt. Holyoke, Smith, Vassar, and 
Wellesley, and several smaller ones, as well as one affiliated. 
Western Reserve, are closed to these organizations, though 
a number have local secret societies. This condition of affairs 
is in part due to faculty decision and in part to student in- 
difference. When local secret societies are fostered, there is 
a feeling perhaps on the part of the administration that this 
particular kind of organization adds a bit of local color, creates 
an esprit de corps, gives a certain personnel to the college. 
There is a feeling, too, that the national sorority, by demand- 
ing allegiance, requiring dues, publishing magazines and hold- 



18 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

ing conventions, may weaken the interest in the alma mater. 
This is a fallacy. The sororities always do arouse interest in 
other colleges and in the whole movement for the higher edu- 
cation of women, in the problems that confront college girls, 
problems that faculties have not solved and are not solving, 
that college girls alone can solve, but they do not weaken any 
student's interest in her own college. When she meets her 
sisters from other universities, be it at convention or in the 
alumnae association, in public or in private, she knows she is 
always looked upon as a type of her alma mater, and she is 
more than anxious by conversation and deportment to show 
her college in a creditable light. From various sources she 
learns what other colleges are doing along certain lines, what 
new inspirations have come to do better and broader work, 
and she returns to her own chapter, to her own college, to 
praise where praise is due and where censure or improvement 
is needed, to seek through her own chapter and rival chapters 
to effect the necessary reforms. To believe there is only one 
college in the world, that this college is above reproach and 
incapable of improvement, is snobbishness. To see weaknesses 
in one's alma mater, to strengthen it by every means within 
one's power, to guard its interests jealously, this is loyalty. 
No one is so genuinely or so generously interested in her col- 
lege as the sorority girl, no one has the opportunities that the 
sorority girl has to compare her own college with others. 
There may be a few colleges, having chapters of the national 
sororities, that seem lacking in college spirit, but a close in- 
vestigation will show that this lack is not due to the presence 
of the fraternities, but to other causes. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 19 

A university located in the heart of a large city finds it 
very difficult to inspire the same amount of college spirit that 
is secured with slight effort in a much smaller college situated 
in a village. The city university draws its students to a 
large extent from the towns within a radius of twenty-five 
miles. The marked improvements recently made in the mat- 
ter of cheap and quick transit render it possible for many of 
the students to live at home during their entire college course. 
The hurried entrance upon the work of the day, the hasty exit 
after recitations in order to catch a train, the absence of dor- 
mitories, the lack of suitable boarding places in the congested 
districts of a large metropolis for the few who are forced to 
find temporary lodgment, the distractions and fascinations 
of a large city, the general indifference of the greater part of 
the citizens, are all potent agencies that work constantly 
against any very strong growth of college spirit. These same 
elements make it exceedingly difficult for the city university 
to have a satisfactory social life, always a great help in the 
development of a strong esprit de corps. Sorority life under 
these conditions is not without its drawbacks. Evening chap- 
ter meetings are entirely out of the question and those in the 
afternoon can seldom be arranged so as not to interfere with 
train schedules or the convenience of those members whose 
recitations are all in the morning. 

The college or university in the small town, on the other 
hand, fills the whole horizon for students, faculty, property 
owners and tradesmen and there is a marked local pride taken 
in everything that interests the students. They are people 
of importance in the village because of their association with 



20 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

the college, and since everybody thinks there is but one colle 
in the whole world, they begin to think so too and deveh 
immediately a very proper and lasting interest in their aln 
mater. With dormitories, halls of residence, fraternity ar 
sorority houses on or near the campus, with boarding plac- 
and faculty houses within easy reach, it is possible for such 
college to have a very delightful social life and to foster a; 
sorts of student enterprises. Under such conditions fraternit 
and sorority life comes very near to being ideal, an intere; 
that is second only to that felt for the college itself. 

Those who have studied deeply into fraternity conditioi 
understand how very difficult it is to build up strong chapte] 
in colleges that have no dormitory system or that have a 
enormous enrolment. One city, Cambridge, the home c 
Radcliffe and Harvard, will furnish illustration for both c 
these points. Eadcliffe, with very little dormitory accommc 
dation, draws its students largely from nearby cities an 
towns, and so much time is consumed in transit between th 
home and the college there is practically none left for tb 
fostering of the life-long friendships that are such a valuabl 
product of community life. Harvard, on the other hand, wit 
its hundreds of students, its numerous dormitories, its almos 
inexhaustible supply of boarding houses, has never been foun^ 
favorable ground for the planting of fraternity chapters, i 
very few do exist, but they are hampered by many difficulties 
In the first place the city, its near neighbor, Boston, and th 
college itself offer unlimited attractions, so the fraternity 
finds few opportunities to fill spare moments with interest 
Again, with the large entering classes and the elective systen 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 21 

■|)veriiing studies, there is but slight class cohesion and very 
'^tle chance for upperclass people to become well acquainted 
tt ith the freshmen. Similar conditions exist at Yale with very 
B milar results. 

It is thought by many sorority leaders that the large col- 
ges for women would present the same problems as Harvard 
iid Yale. The life of these institutions is already very com- 
lex. Every minute of a girl's spare time, every cent of her 
ilowance, is spoken for many times over. The freshman class, 
oreover, by reason of its large enrolment would present in- 
amerable difficulties in any attempt to become acquainted 
ith the individual members or to study them with a view to 
iscovering their possibilities as good sorority material. Elec- 
ons would necessarily have to be postponed and as a result 
le chapter would tend to become a class society as did Alpha 
»elta Phi, Psi Upsilon, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Zeta Psi 
t Yale, and toward which condition the local societies at 
fellesley, Smith and Mt. Holyoke are surely tending. It 
emains for the future to show whether the great numbers 
t present unprovided for by these local clubs will establish 
milar organizations or appeal to the sororities for charters. 
few local societies, to be sure, would lack the prestige that the 
der ones have and which the sororities could furnish. The 
I important question, of course, with the sororities will be 
hether the large class society would be favorable to the best 
evelopment of the sorority idea and ideal. The sorority 
ilea means close friendship fostered by long association in 
Dmmon interests. The sorority ideal is the symmetrically de- 



22 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

veloped woman, the result of close confidences and lasting 
friendships with a few congenial spirits. 

A generation ago the sororities would have been glad to 
enter these colleges and succeeding years would have seen 
the number of chapters keeping pace with the increase in 
matriculation. Today any v/ell-known sorority would think 
twice before entering, even though assured of a hearty w^el- 
come on the part of the administration. 

Standards 

The Inter-Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a national 
sorority as one having at least five chapters, all of them at 
institutions of collegiate rank. No definition of ^^ collegiate 
rank" was attempted by the Conference and indeed there is 
no organization whose decision could be taken as official and 
final. Inasmuch as the United States exercises no federal con- 
trol over the schools of the country, there is no national system 
of education and no national board of education to determine 
what particular kind or amount of work shall constitute a col- 
lege or university. In the Annual Reports of the Department 
of the Interior, the United States Commissioner of Education 
groups all universities, colleges and technological schools, 
\\dthout any attempt at classification. There is much interest- 
ing information to be gleaned from these reports concerning 
the valuation of the real estate and apparatus of the different 
colleges and concerning the registration and faculty, but little 
to show that some of the six hundred are doing higher grade 
work than others. It is left to the student of college data 
to make his own deductions and the most natural inference 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 23 

is that a large endo^Yment, a large corps of professors, a large 
registration, mean high standards, but conclusions from these 
premises alone are not necessarily correct. 

In 1911, to be sure, a sincere effort was made by the United 
States Bureau of Education to give the public some idea of 
the relative standing of the various colleges on its list. Four 
tentative groups were made, following a decision based on 
equipment, and on the amount, quality and kind of work 
done. The classification, however, called forth such a storm 
of opposition from faculties and trustees, whose institutions 
were rated lovrer than they deemed fair, that the plan had to 
be abandoned. The Bureau has since announced that for the 
present the classification of educational institutions has been 
suspended. For some time at least it will still devolve, as 
in the past, upon privately organized associations to set the 
collegiate standards for the country. 

One organization that has done much to determine what 
the bachelor's degree should stand for is the Association of 
Collegiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston in Novem- 
ber, 1881, by seventeen college women, representing eight col- 
leges, in the hope of uniting the alumnae of different institu- 
tions for practical educational work. Later by reason of the 
limitations placed upon admission, it came to be recognized 
as standing for the maintenance of high standards of educa- 
tion. No college applying for membership in the body corpo- 
rate is examined unless it has fifty women graduates and an 
endoA\mient of $500,000. A preparatory department under the 
government or instruction of the college faculty is also a bar. 
Great stress is laid upon the educational qualifications of the 



24 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

corps of instruction, the average available income and tb 
value of the equipment of the institution for the work it unde) 
takes. Through rigid requirements for admission to its hone 
roll of colleges and universities the Association of Collegiat 
Alumnae has done much toward helping to raise and broade: 
collegiate standards in matters of endowment, equipmem 
course of study, faculties and salaries. 

\ A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., i 
1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, whid 
was an outgrowth of the clubs of Southern girls in Norther 
colleges. Its object is ^^to unite college women in the Sout 
for the promotion of higher education for women ; to raise th 
standard of education for women; to develop preparator. 
schools and to define the line of demarcation between prepara 
tory schools and colleges." The corporate members are al 
colleges recognized by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae 
the Carnegie Foundation and by the Association of College 
and Secondary Schools of the Southern States. 

Another agency that is making for uniform standards i 
the honorary society. A charter grant from Phi Beta Kapp 
means that the institution receiving it has met the require 
ments as to organization, equipment, financial standini 
faculty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance examination 
demanded by a body of men who are well qualified by traininj 
and experience to decide what the word college should meaD 
It does not always follow that a college is below grade becaus 
it has no chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. It is only recently tha 
this honorary society began to become really representativi 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 25 

and some well-known colleges have not awakened to the need 
or meaning of a charter grant. 

By far the most potent factor in the standardizing move- 
ment during the later years, and one that is being recognized 
by the sororities as particularly authoritative when the ques- 
tion of standards is under discussion, is the Carnegie Founda- 
tion for the Advancement of Teaching. On April 16, 1905, 
Mr. Andrew Carnegie gave $10,000,000, the income from which 
is to be applied to the payment of retiring allowances to pro- 
fessors and officers of universities, colleges and technical 
schools in the United States, Canada and Newfoundland. The 
donor's original idea was to limit the benefits to undenomina- 
tional and non-tax-supported institutions. On March 31, 1906, 
however, Mr. Carnegie gave an additional $5,000,000, so as to 
include state and provincial colleges, where the application is 
approved by the governor and the legislature. The rules of the 
foundation require that an institution to be entitled to the 
privileges of the retiring-allow^ance system must possess a 
revenue sufficient to guarantee stability, must maintain ade- 
quately organized collegiate departments and must require for 
admission enough training to insure real college work in the 
freshman class, namely fourteen units, a unit being defined as 
representing a year's study in a secondary school and consti- 
tuting approximately a quarter of a full year's work. The 
Foundation declares that no college can maintain fair educa- 
tional standards on an endowment less than $200,000, and it 
further believes that a satisfactory year's work can not be 
accomplished in any subject in less than one hundred and 
tw^enty sixty-minute periods. 



26 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

Another powerful force in the educational uplift and in 
the standardizing of all kinds of institutions in the General 
Education Board, chartered by Congress, January 12, 1903, 
following the offer of $1,000,000 by Mr. John D. Rockefeller 
in 1902, its object being ^'the promotion of education within 
the United States of America, without distinction of race, sex 
or creed." In June, 1905, Mr. Rockefeller gave the sum of 
$10,000,000 as a permanent endowment for the purposes of the 
Board, and two years later added^$32,000,000, one-third of 
which went into the permanent endowment fund. One of the 
principal objects for which the income is expended is the in- 
creasing of the endo^onents of universities and colleges, the 
custom being to offer a certain number of thousands on condi- 
tion that the institution raise a ver}^ much larger sum within 
a short period of time. The Board employs a force of experts 
in a systematic study of educational conditions and is thus 
enabled to use wisely the funds which have been placed at its 
disposal. The many ^Svhirlwind" campaigns that have fol- 
lowed offers from the Board have been the inspiration that has 
raised a number of mediocre colleges to recognized rank and 
has made possible their presence on the rolls of the oldest and 
proudest sororities. 

Another organization that has done much to stimulate in- 
dependent self-activity through local initiative is the Southern 
Education Board, which began active work in January, 1902, 
and whose educational campaign has awakened the people in 
the vast section in which it operates to the need of adopting 
sound, constructive educational policies. No one that has 
watched the change that has come over the face of Southern 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 27 

education within the last decade could be blind to the splendid 
work of this Board, which has given a distinct tone to all 
grades of education, from the lowest to the highest. The Gen- 
eral Education Board has been of incalculable aid to the 
Southern Education Board in its efforts at uplift. Together 
they have worked for a finer spirit of nationalism and the 
results are a splendid testimony to their success. The rapid 
growth of the many Southern sororities and the granting of 
numerous charters by strong Northern orders to institutions 
in the South give unmistakable proof of the improved collegi- 
ate standards in a section that has been regarded for many 
years as the special home of the ''finishing school.'' 

Government 

The supreme governing body of the sororities is the Nation- 
al Convention which meets annually or biennially, but in order 
that important questions requiring immediate decision may 
receive attention during the interim, it is customary for the 
sororities to place a certain amount of legislative, judicial and 
executive power in the hands of a few members who are re- 
sponsible to the succeeding conventions for their acts and w^ho 
constitute what is known as the Grand Council, the Executive 
Committee, or the Grand Chapter, as the case may be. The 
number of members elected for this purpose differs somewhat 
in the different sororities, but a President, a Vice-President, a 
Secretary, a Treasurer and where a magazine is published, 
an Editor, are always found among the officers, though in 
six cases, Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Phi, Alpha Xi Delta, 
Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Delta and Sigma Kappa, the Editor 



28 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

is not ranked as a member of the executive staff. These five 
officers are usually sufficient for a small sorority, but where 
the chapter roll numbers more than twenty, the task of weld- 
ing so many separate units into an harmonious whole be- 
comes a serious problem. Hence it has come to pass that 
the older and larger sororities have found it necessary to 
create new offices in order that no member of the executive 
staff may have more work than she can accomplish satis- 
factorily and in order that every phase of fraternity de- 
velopment may receive its due share of attention. Th e soror i- 
ties are Jtending more and^more toward retaining for longer 
periods than the usual interim of two years IBetween conven- 
tions, those officers who show special ability along certain lines. 
Kappa Kappa Gamma is unique in electing its editor, 
historian and director of catalogue for a term of ten years. 
The method of Delta Gamma is to elect its executive staff 
for a term of four years, the election of the president and 
treasurer alternating with that of the vice-president and secre- 
tary. Each convention designates the chapters from which 
the new officers are to come, and these chapters elect the officers 
for the ensuing term. The editor is frequently reelected 
several times. Alpha Phi 's plan of choosing officers, first from 
one section of the country and then from another, has much 
to recommend it. Alpha Omicron Pi has paid its four 
founders a great tribute in making them life members of the 
Grand Council. Kappa Delta has extended a similar compli- 
ment to its leading founder. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 29 

Publications 

The pnblieations of the sororities are of two kinds, those 
that may be seen by the uninitiated and those issued for 
members only. To the first class belong the magazines, the 
catalogues or directories, the songbooks, the histories and the 
calendars. Among the secret issues are the constitutions, 
convention reports, bulletins and rituals. 

The magazines are usually quarterlies and devote most 
of their space to reports from chapters and personals about 
alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each editor en- 
deavors to keep her subscribers informed of all that is passing 
in the fraternity world. The years between 1870 and 1880 
are noteworthy as marking the period during which a great 
impulse was given to fraternity journalism by the publication 
of magazines by many of the men's orders. The sororities 
were quick to see the advantages that such issues had and 
the next decade saw five in the field, — The Golden Key of 
Kappa Kappa Gamma in 1882, The Anchora of Delta Gamma 
in 1884, The Arrow of Pi Beta Phi, The Kappa Alpha Theta 
in 1885, and The Alpha Phi Quarterly in 1888. Delta Delta 
Delta followed with The Trident in 1891, Alpha Chi Omega 
with The Lyre in 1894, and Chi Omega with The Eleusis 
in 1899. Succeeding years have brought out The Crescent 
of Gamma Phi Beta, The Alpha Xi Delta, Therms of Zeta 
Tau Alpha, The Angelos of Kappa Delta, The Triangle of 
Sigma Sigma Sigma, To Dragma of Alpha Omicron Pi, Mu 
Phi Epsilon Quarterly^ The Beta Sigma Omicron, The Tri- 
angle of Sigma Kappa, The Adelphean of Alpha Delta Pi, The 
Parchment of Sigma Iota Chi, The Aglaia of Phi Mu, The 



30 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

Adamas of Eta Upsilon Gamma, The Lamp of Delta Zeta, The 
Phoenix of Alpha Sigma Alpha, The Shield of Delta Sigma 
Epsilon, The Laurel of Pi Kappa Sigma. One of the most 
significant movements of the last few years has been the or- 
ganized effort, on the part of fraternities and sororities, to 
provide for the endowment of the magazine. 

Catalogues or directories, have always been found very 
useful and have been issued with more or less frequency by 
all the sororities. The simple ones give merely the names 
and addresses of the members, but it is usual to find them 
well supplied with valuable historical data, the location and 
time of founding of each active and alumnae chapter, lists 
of present and past grand officers, chapter officers and sta- 
tistical reports. The older and larger sororities find it a 
somewhat difficult task to compile their directories, and as an 
aid to the work a few have established card catalogues. The 
cards are sent out periodically with the request that the mem- 
bers return them to the cataloguer after answering the printed 
questions. It is possible in this way to secure promptly a 
great deal of accurate information, much of which is of 
permanent value. 

Songbooks have been published by all the large sororities 
and most of them are handsome volumes, filled with bright 
music and spirited poems, many of which possess distinct 
literary merit. 

All the sororities of prominence have established archives 
and the majority of them have an officer whose duty it is to 
collect and arrange historical data. Whenever historical mat- 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 3] 

ter has been given to the public it has usually appeared in 
some issue of the magazine, which is known henceforth as the 
Historical Number. Kappa Kappa Gamma issued a small 
pamphlet in 1903 for the use of its members and for distribu- 
tion among its friends. The history of Delta Delta Delta, 
brought out in 1907, was the first and remained the only elabo- 
rate attempt in book form until 1909, when Chi Omega 
published a very attractive manual. Kappa Alpha Theta 
followed with an interesting brochure in 1911 and Alpha 
Chi Omega with an exhaustive volume in 1912, which was 
revised in 1917. 

Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins and 
Rituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of any one 
who is not a member, so little is known of them by outsiders. 
It is not unusual, however, for members of different sororities, 
especially when friends or relatives, to discuss the common 
problems that confront the different organizations. In this 
way it is possible for those who are deeply interested in the 
advancement of the sorority idea to secure a very fair knowl- 
edge of the policies and regulations of the various organiza- 
tions as laid down in the different constitutions. 

Convention Reports are not guarded with any great care 
and on many occasions very important decisions have been 
made public through discussions in the magazines. From the 
historical numbers one may glean information concerning the 
successive steps in all the great movements and changes of 
policies. The older and larger a sorority becomes, the more 
likely it is to discuss freely and publish widely much of what it 
actually has done, what it is doing and what it expects to do. 



32 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

The system of exchanging magazines, first advocated publicly 
in Boston in 1891, practised occasionally before that time by 
broadminded, progressive editors, and in general vogue at the 
present day, has done much to develop a marked similarity in 
general policies. 

Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by 
many sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the amount 
of routine correspondence is appalling where any attempt is 
made to secure marked intensive growth in a long roll of chap- 
ters. Secret issues afford great relief to overworked officials, 
place matter demanding immediate attention before all the 
chapters at the same time and create a reference library that 
is of incalculable benefit to the chapters themselves. To Chi 
Omega belongs the honor of issuing the first secret sorority 
magazine. Its Mystagogiie appeared in 1905. Delta Delta 
Delta was a close second with its quarterly Triton in 1906 
and elaborated the idea still further by starting a secret an- 
nual, called The Trireme, in 1908, supplementing these some- 
what later with a monthly Triglyph and a weekly Triad. 
Phi Mu started its annual, now called The Philomathean, in 
1907 and began its quarterly. To Sakos, in 1912. Alpha Chi 
Omega brought out its annual Heraeum in 1911 and two years 
later its monthly Argolid, Other private issues are Kappa 
Alpha Theta's Bimonthly, 1911, Alpha Gamma Delta's To 
Skiouros, 1913, Alpha Xi Delta's Quill, 1915, Alpha Delta 
Pi's Adelphean Chronicle, 1915. Pi Beta Phi publishes one 
issue of its quarterly Arrow for members only. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 33 

Alumnae Associations 

The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch with 
the active work of the sorority and to provide congenial asso- 
ciations for them is one of the more recent ideas that make 
for intensive growth. The prestige and dignity given by a 
strong body of alumnae in addition to the financial backing 
afforded will more than repay any society for the labor ex- 
pended in looking out for the interests of the ex-coUegio mem- 
bers. Strange to say, these numerous advantages were not 
recognized by the oldest sororities very early in their careers. 

Pi Beta Phi was the pioneer in establishing alumnae asso- 
ciations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed until 
1881. For ten years these bodies had all the privileges of 
active chapters save that of initiation. In 1892 the Alumnae 
Association was organized under a constitution of its o\ati 
and had the right to hold conventions at the same time and 
place as the active chapters. In 1901 a marked change in 
policy was made and the entire work along this line was given 
over to the Grand Vice-president. Alumnae clubs may send 
representatives to the convention if they choose and these 
delegates have a voice but no vote. The Alumnae Association 
as a whole has one delegate and when possible she is the 
Alumnae Editor of The Arrow, 

Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea immedi- 
ately, probably because conditions were not favorable to its 
dissemination. The magazine was in embryo, exchanges un- 
known. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by the establish- 
ment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it has never per- 
mitted any association to exist that is not the direct out- 



34 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

growth of an active chapter. Each is given representation 
in the national convention. 

Delta Delta Delta was the first sorority to provide at its 
very inception for the organization of Alliances as it terms 
its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a special 
constitution for them and a special ritual, called The Circle 
Degree, by taking which graduates become eligible to member- 
ship in an Alliance. The first Avas formed in August, 1892. 
For a number of years only graduates were permitted to take 
the higher degree, but the convention of 1900 modified this 
policy somewhat, so that it is now possible occasionally for an 
ex-member to become associated with an Alliance. Provision 
is made at the national convention for an Alliance session and 
for representation in the undergraduate section as well. The 
Convention of 1906 provided for a special officer who has 
charge of all matters pertaining to the Alliances. The Con- 
vention of 1910 arranged for the formation of alumnae clubs, 
these same to be without voting privileges or other benefits 
of the regular Alliances. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desirability 
of alumnae associations as early as 1887 and agitated the mat- 
ter vigorously in their magazine, but the idea received no en- 
couragement from the active membership. A group of Chi- 
cago alumnae, who were in charge of the sorority's exhibit for 
the World's Fair, petitioned the Convention of 1892 for a 
charter. After prolonged and heated discussion the vote was 
finally carried, but as the alumnae found the requirements of 
a chapter burdensome they returned their charter in 1896. 
A few other associations and clubs were organized after this. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 35 

but it was not until the Convention of 1902 that this sorority 
as a whole recognized the need or importance of providing 
for its alumnae. At that time the work was put into the 
hands of the officers' deputies and the growth has been phe- 
nomenal. At the Convention of 1906 a national organization 
of the alumnae association was effected under the control of 
three special officers, who serve as president, secretary and 
treasurer. One whole day is given over to the associations at 
convention for the transaction of business of special interest 
to alumnae. 

Gamma Phi Beta organized its first group of alumnae in 
December, 1892, and has always given the associations all the 
privileges of the active chapters. 

Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal provision for alumnae 
associations prior to the Convention of 1893, but in that year 
it organized the Alpha Alumnae at Greencastle, Ind. The 
associations are named alphabetically in order of founding re- 
gardless of location, so, except in the case of the first, the 
names of the associations are different from the active chap- 
ters with which they are allied, a method that seems a trifle 
confusing when it is customary to name the groups from the 
cities in which they are located or from the chapters with 
which they are affiliated. 

Delta Gamma granted its first charter to alumnae in 1895 
and until 1903 this was the only alumnae chapter. The 
sorority ha^ made provisions for two kinds of groups, alumnae 
chapters and alumnae associations, the former possessing a 
charter, paying dues and having a vote in convention. 



36 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

Chi Omega established its first alumnae chapter in 1900. 
It gives a vote to every alumna attending convention. Char- 
ters are granted to alumnae chapters on practically the same 
conditions as those to college petitioners and examinations 
are required of them as of the active chapters. 

Chapter Houses 

,The chapter house movement among sororities is a rather 
recent one, and has come about quite naturally, because at 
many colleges the houses of the men's fraternities are a con- 
spicuous feature of the student life. Many faculties have fos- 
tered the development of the fraternity house idea because it 
relieved them of the necessity of providing accommodations 
for a large number of students, and, to a certain extent, of the 
supervision of the inmates, but not all have been ready to 
accord the same privileges to the sorority girls, and dormitory 
life or residence with relatives is still insisted upon at certain 
universities. The city university, drawing its material largely 
from the immediate environs, offers but little or no oppor- 
tunity for the sorority house, though it is not unusual for 
chapters at such colleges to have suits of rooms which provide 
ample opportunities for spending a quiet hour in rest or 
study, passing the night after some college function, or offer- 
ing informal entertainment to members or friends. 

Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1886 when it erected a 
chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters were 
quick to see the advantages of such a course and many now 
have homes which they own wholly or in part. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 37 

Pan-Hellenism 

The Pan-Hellenic movement dates back to the time when 
the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma se- 
cured permission from the convention assembled at Blooming- 
ton, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the other sororities to meet 
in convention at Boston. The proposed work, as set forth in 
The Key, was to be that of recommendation only, the re- 
ports to be adopted or rejected as each sorority should decide. 
An attempt, however, was to be made, ''To secure (1) uni- 
formity of inter-fraternity courtesy, (2) cooperation in pur- 
chasing fraternity jewelry and stationery for purposes of 
increased security and cheapness, (3) a practical Pan-Hellenic 
plan for the World's Fair, (4) uniformity in the dates of the 
fraternity publications, (5) inter-chapter cooperation and 
etiquette. ' ' 

A careful reading of the report of that first inter-sorority 
convention, which is given verbatim in practically all sorority 
magazines of that time, will show how earnest and enthusiastic 
were the Pan-Hellenic pioneers and how much might have been 
accomplished had the work continued without interruption. 
The probable reason for the failure of a movement so auspi- 
ciously begun may be found in the fact that there was no city 
at which representatives from all the sororities could meet 
conveniently. Though the value of the work accomplished 
appealed to all, the expense incidental to providing entertain- 
ment for the official delegates during such a session probably 
deterred other sororities from extending a like invitation. 



38 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

The Congress of Fraternities 

Beginning in the spring of 1892, representatives appointed 
by all the sororities and by many of the fraternities held 
monthly meetings in Chicago for the purpose of securing space 
and arranging a fraternity exhibit at the World's Columbian 
Exposition of 1893. All the sororities were heartily in favor 
of the idea, but as only half of the fraternities took any active 
interest in the matter, the unique and interesting plan of the 
Pan-Hellenic Committee had to be abandoned. A fraternity 
congress was substituted with one half day given to the fra- 
ternities, another half day to the Greek Press and a third half 
day to the sororities. Although the meetings themselves were 
most inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were 
present at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent 
value was accomplished, though for some months afterwards 
the different magazines gave considerable space to the dis- 
cussion of the advantages of Pan-Hellenism. The time, how- 
ever, was not yet ripe for any concerted action and the matter 
languished after the first flush of enthusiasm had passed. 

The Inter- Sorority Conferences 
It was to Mrs. Margaret Ma^on Whitney, Michigan, '95- '97, 
Grand President of Alpha Phi, 1900- '02, that the inspira- 
tion came to reopen the agitation for a saner dealing with the 
problem of rushing. As a result of her correspondence with 
the presidents of six other leading sororities, it was learned 
that the grand presidents of Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta 
Delta Delta had been conferring upon this very subject and 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 39 

that the Chicago Alumnae of Kappa Alpha Theta had placed 
a petition before the Grand Council asking that the sororities 
be invited to consider some means of reform in rushing. 
With such a general sentiment in favor of correcting evils 
and securing hearty cooperation along various lines of en- 
deavor, Mrs. Whitney was encouraged to call the first Inter- 
sorority Conference, which met in Chicago, May 24, 1902, 
and which was the beginning of annual meetings presided 
over by each sorority in turn in the order of founding. 

The first Inter-Sorority Conference, composed of delegates 
from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, 
Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta and Delta Delta 
Delta, tried to establish a basis for future operations by sub- 
mitting a set of motions of which it approved to the different 
sororities represented in the Conference. Although the meet- 
ing did not result in any inter-sorority compact, since all the 
sororities were not unanimously in favor of the recommenda- 
tions submitted, yet much advance was made in providing 
for annual conferences. 

The Conference of 1903 admitted Alpha Chi Omega and 
Chi Omega. It suggested the formation of Pan-Hellenic 
Associations at every college where two or more national 
sororities existed and urged sorority girls to take an active 
part in such college organizations as were intended for the 
good of all. Of four recommendations submitted to the sorori- 
ties, two were unanimously accepted during the succeeding 
year and so the first definite gain was made in an agreement 
not to pledge prior to matriculation. 



40 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

The Conference of 1904 admitted Alpha Xi Delta, decided 
upon the order of rotation in office, and voted to admit Sigma 
Kappa upon her acceptance of conference rulings. It also 
defined the purpose of the Pan-Hellenics and directed the 
sororities to insist that these organizations should not merely 
promote good feeling and social intercourse, but that they 
should make earnest efforts to improve standards and remove 
evils. The conference also took up the problem of social ser- 
vice, recommended the establishment of women's leagues, made 
preparations to form a Bureau of Comparative Legislation 
and raised the question of the advisability of asking that 
Deans of Women be appointed in all coeducational colleges. 

The Conference of 1905 admitted Alpha Omicron Pi and 
defined a national sorority as one having at least five chapters, 
all at institutions of collegiate rank. In addition to the great 
advance made by the conference in adopting tentatively a 
constitution and thus determining its own powers, it provided 
for the drafting of a model constitution for women's leagues. 

The Conference of 1906 remodelled the constitution of 
1905, which had failed to pass two Grand Presidents. It 
showed renewed interest and activity in furthering the social 
service work and a desire to cooperate with Deans of Women 
in the amelioration of social evils. To secure greater unity in 
the Pan-Hellenic work of the colleges, a model constitution for 
Pan-Hellenics was approved and ordered printed for distribu- 
tion and arrangements made to intensify the interest through 
the efforts of the visiting delegates. High school sororities 
were condemned and the conference put itself on record as 
proposing to use all its influence to have them discountenanced. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 41 

An investigation of the laws of each state concerning the 
making and wearing of badges by unauthorized persons was 
instituted. 

The Conference of 1907 reported marked progress along 
the line of social service and in the work of the local Pan- 
Hellenics, laid special stress upon the need of securing the co- 
operation of alumnae and put itself on record as favoring a 
late pledge day, preferably in the sophomore year. 

The Conference of 1908 again made an urgent plea for the 
sophomore pledge day and for definite scholarship attainment 
as a qualification for sorority membership. It suggested the 
organization of resident alumnae in the case of every college 
and changed the Conference name to that of National Pan- 
Hellenic Conference. By unanimous vote of the sorority 
grand presidents during the year following, Zeta Tau Alpha 
and Alpha Gamma Delta were admitted to the Conference. 

The Conference of 1909 provided for the annual appoint- 
ment of a committee on extension, to which should be referred 
all petitions for admission. It also arranged through com- 
mittees for reports on college facilities for student social af- 
fairs and on scholarship standards in the Conference so- 
rorities. The Conference deplored its lack of legislative power 
and the delay and inconvenience to all concerned caused by the 
necessity for referring back to the sororities even insignificant 
details. Upon recommendation of the Extension Committee 
and by vote of the grand presidents Alpha Delta Phi and 
Delta Zeta were admitted. During the ensuing summer at 
the conventions of Alpha Chi Omega and Delta Delta Delta, 
the desire for greater Conference efficiency was crystallized 
in the vote to give the Conference delegates legislative power. 



42 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

The Conference of 1910 voted to request the sororities to 
vest in their delegates such limited legislative power as the 
Conference may deem necessary to make its action effective. 
The Committee on extension was given authority to define 
and enforce the standard for admission. The Conference 
recommended that every effort be made to encourage scholar- 
ship among sorority women, that the sponsor system be in- 
augurated in all chapters, that chaperons be salaried and that 
they be given unlimited authority to enforce rules for the 
common good. 

The Conference of 1911, following the granting of limited 
legislative powers by the various sororities represented there- 
in, adopted a constitution and changed the name of the or- 
ganization to the National Pan-Hellenic Congress. The pow- 
ers were defined as five-fold: — (1) to make laws that per- 
tain to its own government, (2) to admit at its discretion 
petitioning sororities, (3) to levy annual dues, (4) to make 
final settlement of local Pan-Hellenic difficulties, (5) to have 
advisory power over local Pan-Hellenics. The government be- 
tween sessions was placed in the hands of an executive com- 
mittee of three, to serve as chairman, secretary and treas- 
urer. Provision was made for the issue of quarterly bulle- 
tins. During the year following Phi Mu and Kappa Delta 
were admitted. 

The Inter-Sorority Congresses 

The Congress of 1912 reported an unusually auspicious 
growth of the Pan-Hellenic movement and provided for still 



The Evolution of the Sorority System 43 

greater extension of the idea by bringing City Pan-Hellenics 
into close touch with the work and ambitions of the Congress. 
The number of ofBcers was increased from three to four by 
the election of an historian to serve for five years. The Con- 
gress went on record as heartily disapproving high school 
fraternities. A feature preliminary to the Congress, but 
fraught with unusual possibilities, was the first Conference of 
National Sorority Presidents. 

The Congress of 1913 was essentially a standardizing 
agency, in that it adopted a uniform scholarship card and 
uniform house rules for the regulation of chapter house life. 
The Congress also went on record as favoring the extension 
of the sorority system. In addition to stressing vocational 
training and occupations for college women it made a con- 
tribution to the Chicago Bureau of Occupations. The Congress 
of 1914 adopted a Code of Ethics, authorized a study of the 
chapter house system, and arranged for the extension and 
supervision of city Pan-Hellenics. 

The Congress of 1915 adopted a Pan-Hellenic Creed, au- 
thorized a study of cooperative buying and catering, voted for 
biennial conferences instead of annual, and increased the num- 
ber of Congress officers by the creation of an editorship. 

There is practically no limit to the valuable results that 
may be attained through these annual conferences. The 
regulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though of the 
highest importance in its salutary effect upon general sorority 
standards, is yet but a small part of the work that may be 
done. To understand something of the possibilities of the 
National Pan-Hellenic Congress, one need only realize that 



44 The Evolution of the Sorority System 

the ex-coUegio members of the sororities number 50,000 and 
that the Congress literature reaches at least one-third of 
these through the various sorority magazines. The active mem- 
bership of 10,000 is even more vitally affected and each Fall 
4,000 new initiates are brought into touch with every move- 
ment that receives the sanction of the Congress. Except to 
a very limited degree, the college woman has been unable to 
have any marked influence upon the college after graduation. 
During her student days she has been obliged to follow the 
lines laid down for her brother, and if life's experience has 
shown her that college courses should be adapted more pecu- 
liarly to her own needs, she has had little or no opportunity to 
say so. Her ideas on this point, unexpressed except to a very 
few, have had little weight. The Association of Collegiate 
Alumnae, to be sure, has determined certain important facts 
relative to the higher education of women, but its work has 
been hampered by the small, restricted, scattered membership. 
It lacks, moreover, the vivifying touch that comes only from 
actual cooperation with the undergraduate body of college 
girls. The National Pan-Hellenic Congress is the only or- 
ganization that can bridge the chasm between college theories 
and life's realities. Thus far it has confined most of its efforts 
to improving social conditions. The larger opportunity of 
making the college course a more vital force in the lives of 
college women is still before it. 



The Mission of the Sorority 45 



CHAPTER III 

The Mission of the Sorority 
To determine whether the existence of the sorority as a 
factor in college life has been justified, it is necessary to under- 
stand what combination of circumstances called it into being, 
what it has to its credit in the line of accomplishment, and 
what it is doing at the present time to warrant its continuance. 
Begun as an experiment at Elmira more than half a century 
ago, and copied at Wellesley and Smith shortly after these 
institutions were opened, the Greek-Letter Society at the in- 
dependent colleges for women seems to have been established 
with the full sanction of the faculty, in the hope that it might 
serve to unite in a common interest the most prominent mem- 
bers of the student body. In the days when the elective system 
was unknown, the lines of demarcation between the different 
classes were very clearly defined, and these distinctions were 
not always conducive to the development of a proper college 
spirit. By forming a nucleus around which should cluster 
some of the most precious associations of college life, the ad- 
ministration hoped to foster a strong esprit de corps. Except 
to a very few of the students this raison d'etre would scarcely 
appeal. To the majority of women in college thirty years 
ago, when so much stress was laid upon Latin, Greek and 
Mathematics, the societies, by copying the methods of the 



46 The Mission of the Sorority 

popular lyceum, offered a much-prized opportunity for the 
study of the masterpieces of modern literature and for the 
discussion of questions of permanent or passing interest. 
Since the development of a strong college spirit was the de- 
sideratum in the formation of the societies, the originators 
gave little heed to the possibilities that these organizations 
afforded for the cementing of college friendships. It is rare 
indeed to find among their members the close bond of sym- 
pathy so characteristic of the national sororities, in spite of 
the fact that the two are practically alike as far as secrecy 
is concerned. 

In those colleges, however, where the administration had 
decided upon coeducation, and where the men students w^ere 
often openly hostile to the movement to admit women, the 
Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even when founded at 
faculty suggestion, not infrequently took on the nature of a 
protective league through which the members endeavored by 
united action to secure recognition for themselves as a vital 
part of college life. Misunderstood in the classroom, shut out 
from participation in the literary and debating societies or- 
ganized by the men, unrecognized in the social life that crys- 
tallized around the fraternities, the few who were courageous 
enough to brave outspoken ridicule or veiled slur were sadly in 
need of the moral support that the sorority could give. From 
the close communion of heart and soul in those days of trial 
sprang the impulse to form a sisterhood that should be a 
potent factor during the college course and which, at the same 
time, should lay the foundation for life-long friendships. 



The Mission of the Sorority 47 

Just how much the sorority did for the first generation 
of college girls in making their positions secure and in demon- 
strating their right to educational privileges equal to those 
enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be found in records, 
but there can be no doubt that the Greek-Letter Society 
rendered valuable service to the cause of higher education by 
encouraging members to complete their college course and by 
influencing them to interest other girls in what was for years 
an experiment, nay more, an experiment that met with slight 
favor and scanty support from the general public. That the 
sorority did cement friendships there is ample evidence to 
prove, for the earliest issues of the sorority magazines are filled 
with the testimony of those who gladly bore witness to the 
enrichment of their lives through the wealth of sympathetic 
interest such friendships had bestowed. Only those who have 
been blessed with true friendships can understand how very 
barren and spiritless life would be without the stimulus and 
zest they give. To be trusted, to be appreciated, to be loved, 
makes possible the practically impossible, renders the joy of 
success more keen, the sting of sorrow less poignant. 

It was not, however, in these two important particulars 
alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered peculiar 
and efiicient service. If there was any element of danger in 
the higher education of women in the early days, it lay in the 
fact that the pioneers were inclined to take themselves and 
their work too seriously, to see life in a false perspective under 
the influence of unusual conditions. From the peril of such 
erroneous ideas as might have been engendered by the impress 
of new and peculiar circumstances, many a girl was rescued by 



48 The Mission of the Sorority 

her sorority. As one of a crowd she lost self-consciousness. 
Within the chapter group the tension was relaxed and normal 
conditions prevailed. Here with friends she need not be on 
parade. She could be what she really was, an essentially 
feminine woman, with wide outlook and large ambitions to be 
sure, but no phenomenon as the general public insisted upon 
regarding her. The simple wholesome social life that the 
sorority made a possibility was conducive to naturalness, 
feminine charm and womanly dignity. For the first genera- 
tion of college girls the sorority was primarily a humanizing 
agency. 

Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the so- 
rority as a protective league is long since past, its importance 
as a prominent factor in the college life of today is even great- 
er than ever, for it touches vitally the lives of hundreds where 
once it touched a score. Indispensable as it still is in fostering 
friendships during the years when a college girl is peculiarly 
in need of the close companionship of those who will treat 
her with a mixture of charity and frank criticism, there are 
yet other important services that the sorority renders its mem- 
bers. In these days when it is no unusual thing for the girl 
to go to college, the young matriculate is in no immediate 
danger of considering herself a rara avis or of developing 
eccentricities of dress or manner. If there is any risk run it 
will certainly not be along the line of becoming strong-minded, 
of having advanced ideas, of promulgating pronounced views. 
Rather will she be lost in the crowd. Today in the great 
throngs attending our popular colleges, amid the complexity 
of academic life, there can not be the opportunity for the 



The Mission of the Sorority 49 

development of individuality, so marked a feature of the 
earlier period when the personal relation between faculty and 
students was noticeably strong. Personality is a tremendous 
force in the development of personality, but modern exigencies 
and modern methods have built up barriers between professor 
and student. Perhaps, too, since the problem of the higher 
education of women has in a measure been satisfactorily 
solved, the modern educator is no longer so interested in the 
annual solution as it applies to individual cases. 

There is, without doubt, another reason why the college 
has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of justice, 
to do more to develop that very essential quality known as the 
creative faculty. Not to be identical, but to be individual, 
not to imitate, but to create, not to follow, but to lead, betokens 
the master mind; yet all education, in its endeavors to make 
the individual conform to a definite standard, tends to stifle 
originality, to put a check upon independent thought. Up to 
a certain point this is a very wise arrangement, for too much 
liberty will result in license. In the case of the elementary 
education which trains the masses and prepares primarily 
for apprenticeship, it is necessary to inculcate obedience, to 
demand subjection to law, to insist upon the closest attention 
to detail, for upon these fundamentals depends the youth's 
success in such work as he may be called upon to do. In the 
case of the secondary education, however, which trains the 
classes and prepares incidentally for skilled workmanship, 
sufficient latitude should be allowed for the expression of indi • 
vidua! taste and talent. In the case of the college education, 
which trains only the elect and which should prepare pre- 



50 The Mission of the Sorority 

eminently for leadership, the dominant thought should be the 
development of individuality. The college in preparing its 
student for intellectual and spiritual leadership must furnish 
a broad, a liberal education, and must train specifically the 
intellect, the heart, the will, the taste, the conscience. All this 
the college does, but more is needed. Abstract studies, invalu- 
able as they are for mental training, lead to theorizing. 
Theory is not practice. In great as in small things man learns 
by doing. If a man is to be a great leader, he must lead first 
in small ventures, then in sizable undertakings, finally in great 
enterprises. He must serve his apprenticeship. 

In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the 
great student leagues of our famous universities, there is op- 
portunity for only a very few to rise above their college mates. 
The many are submerged in the ocean of mediocrity. To 
follow, not to lead, must be their portion. It is just here that 
the sorority is in a position to supplement the work of the 
college in its endeavors to prepare for leadership by presenting 
opportunities for apprenticeship such as the college of itself 
is unable to give save in limited degree. To understand the 
peculiar fitness of the sorority for this work it is necessary to 
consider the essential qualities of a leader. Whether leader- 
ship is to be in small ventures or great enterprises, the prime 
essentials are the same. Most important of all is self- 
confidence. This fundamental requisite of success in any 
undertaking must not be confounded with that most undesir- 
able attribute, self-conceit, which has its roots in vanity. 
Rather is it the self-knowledge which lies at the foundation of 
self-respect. Self-confidence begets enthusiasm, enthusiasm to 



The Mission of the Sorority 51 

inspire. Self-confidence begets courage, courage to dare. 
Self-confidence begets strength, strength to fulfill. Without 
an enthusiastic interest in the thing to be accomplished, with- 
out the courage resulting from a consciousness of power, with- 
out an abiding faith in the ability to carry any undertaking 
to completion, leadership is impossible. By taking its mem- 
bers out of the crowd and making each a distinct unit in a 
small group, the sorority is able to foster individuality. By 
providing every initiate with innumerable opportunities for 
all sorts of service and for all kinds of experience, first in the 
simple work of the chapter and later in the larger effort of the 
national organization, the sorority is particularly well-quali- 
fied to lay a strong foundation for the growth of self-con- 
fidence. 

According to the popular idea self-confidence is the only 
requisite for leadership, but he who w^ould be master over 
others must first be master over himself. Self-control is like- 
wise indispensable. Self-control implies perfect insight, the 
ability to see the end from the beginning. Self-control implies 
perfect adjustment to kindred forces. Self-control implies 
perfect obedience to perfect law. Self-confidence alone may 
of itself secure leadership but it will be the leadership of the 
demagogue. Without the penetration that insures a grasp 
of the situation, without the disposition to recognize the rights 
of others, without the desire to obey the dictates of conscience, 
there can be no useful, effective leadership. By keeping ever 
before its members a very definite aim, by demanding of each 
individual a due consideration for the rights of every other, 
not only of her own chapter but of the entire organization, by 



52 The Mission of the Sorority 

expecting obedience to the tenets of the order, the sorority 
exerts a very wholesome discipline that argues well for the 
growth of self-control. 

Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self-con- 
fidence alone will be at best transitory. If it brings material 
rewards, they will be attended by dishonor. Leadership that 
has both self-confidence and self-control as basic principles 
will be lasting, will win rewards, will be productive of honor. 
Such leadership means worldly success and meets with popular 
approval. To understand, however, whether such is the high- 
est form of leadership, we need only to turn to the life of the 
great Examplar. He is the Light, the Truth, the Way. As 
the Son of God, He was conscious of His power. The miracles 
He performed testify to His confidence in Himself. Though 
all power was given to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He 
exercise self-control. Under sore temptation He did not yield. 
Yet this was not all. His incarnation was not primarily for 
the purpose of performing miracles or of teaching self-control. 
Christ's message to the world was the beauty of service, the 
sacredness of leadership. There were many tones in that 
harmonious Life, but the key-note was self-sacrifice. Self- 
sacrifice recognizes the need for responsibility. Self-sacrifice 
recognizes the need for patience. Self-sacrifice recognizes the 
need for sympathy. By insisting that every privilege brings 
with it a corresponding responsibility, by urging always the 
great importance of patience in dealing with the problems 
in one's own life or that of any other, by making love the 
mainspring in every line of endeavor that the order under- 
takes, the sorority becomes one of life's great forces in teach- 



The Mission of the Sorority 53 

ing the beauty of self-sacrifice. Leadership under the spell 
of this great power must be magnetic. Self-confidence, then, 
is creative, self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice persuasive. 
Leadership that possesses all three qualities cannot fail to 
bring success with honor and peace. 

Such is the education that the college is pledged to give, but 
the college has its limitations. By emphasizing and developing 
these requisites for leadership, by providing innumerable op- 
portunities for the practical application of the same, the so- 
rority is supplementing the work of the college and rendering 
a special service to society. In thus enhancing the value 
of academic training, the sorority makes the college a much 
more vital force in the life of the student than it could other- 
wise be. The fine college spirit that is an outgrowth of this 
increased interest leads the sorority girl to advocate college 
residence. This, though in no sense a definite aim that the 
sorority has placed before itself, means much for the cause 
of higher education. The benefit that comes to the college 
from an increased matriculation, from a student body fired 
with the torch of ideality, from a roll of alumnae whose names 
are synonymous with honorable accomplishment is, in no small 
part, a result of the existence of the sorority. 

Although the work done in preparation for leadership is 
perhaps the most important within the scope of the sorority, 
it is far from being the only benefit that the members receive. 
Very valuable, indeed, is the business training that comes 
during association with the chapter in undergraduate days or 
from service in the national organization after the college 
course is ended. Some college women have a natural aptitude 



54 The Mission of the Sorority 

for business, some, especially those who work their way 
through, understand the value of a dollar, but the average col- 
lege girl, whose every bill is paid by an indulgent father, whose 
every whim is gratified by an adoring mother, has very hazy 
ideas on the subject of finance. Such a one, if she becomes a 
teacher, will very likely expect to have her income supple- 
mented by generous checks from home, while, if she should 
preside over a home of her own, she will expect, from past ex- 
perience, to find credit unlimited. No woman who may be 
thrown upon her own resources — and what woman may not? 
— should enter upon the third decade of her life without a 
pretty fair knowledge of the ordinary methods of transacting 
business. Yet, how very few women ever do acquire this 
knowledge. To have a stated chapter income, to decide just 
how it must be appointed for rent and taxes, for furnishing 
or repairs, for food, heat, light and entertainment, is always 
valuable experience. To place mortgages, to negotiate loans, 
to understand building laws, to handle and invest large sums 
of money such as the national sororities annually receive, is 
as important a training for a woman as for a man. If wage- 
earner or inheritrix she will have money to invest. As wife 
and mother she will handle funds in trust. 

Another opportunity that the sorority opens to its mem- 
bers because of their affiliation with a large organization is the 
chance it gives them through correspondence, fraternity publi- 
cations and conventions to get a wide outlook over the entire 
field of collegiate education. Though one of a group small 
enough to admit of the growth of the individual, each is also 
one of a mighty throng capable of accomplishing much through 



The Mission of the Sorority 55 

concerted action. Provincialism is thus made impossible even 
in the small college. The inspiration that has come to many 
a small college to broaden its student life has been the direct 
result of the contact of its undergraduates with those of some 
large university. The awakening of many a large university 
to the need of deepening its student life has come through the 
magnetic influence given to its undergraduates by those of 
some small college. The important part that the sorority is 
playing in developing a national type of cultured womanhood 
is another phase of the work it is doing for society and one for 
which it takes little credit to itself. A cultured woman is 
always an honor to the land of her birth, but a cultured woman 
with lofty ideals and noble principles is a lustrous jewel in the 
nation's cro\^nQ. Such a one is the sorority girl. The, badge 
she wears upon her breast is a constant reminder to her that 
she has pledged both heart and hand to honor and truth, that 
she has set her face to the light, never to turn back. 

Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities are 
prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on the 
ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of being an 
undesirable thing, as many pessimists would have us believe, 
the clique, as established by the sorority, is a most salutary 
arrangement for grouping college girls into congenial coteries. 
Promiscuous friendships, though democratic, are dangerous. 
A woman should have large ideals and generous sympathies, 
but she should concentrate her affections upon a few. Her 
friendships should be not numerous and shallow, but limited 
and deep. The harmony resulting from the union of a few 
with common interests bears rich fruit later when college wo- 



56 The Mission of the Sorority 

men in any locality unite for effective work along any line. 
The sorority trains its members for organized effort, for lofty 
aims, for conservation of force. 

Furthermore, in taking a girl out of- the crowd and making 
her a permanent member of a small group, the sorority is; 
rendering her an inestimable service. It is providing her 
during her college course with family affiliations and with the : 
essential elements of a home, — sympathetic interest, wise- 
supervision, disinterested advice. Incidentally society itself is ; 
benefited. The corner stone of the social structure is the- 
family, and it is not altogether wise that college girls, or col- 
lege boys for that matter, should cut loose from youth's an- 
chorage and drift far from home moorings during four long 
years.. There is a danger, and a very grave danger, that four 
years' residence in a dormitory will tend to destroy right 
ideals of home life and substitute in their stead a belief in the 
freedom that comes from community living. It is in recogni- 
tion of this fact that some of the large colleges for women have 
adopted as far as possible the cottage system of housing stu- 
dents. Culture, broad, liberalizing, humanizing culture, we 
cannot get too much of unless while acquiring it we are weaned 
from home and friends, from ties of blood and kindred. If 
there is a tendency of modern times more to be deplored than 
any other, it is the disposition on the part of the younger 
generation to shirk the duties and responsibilities of home life. 
Dangerous as this tendency is, it will be doubly so, if college 
graduates are to be inoculated with the virus. To them as its 
most finished product society looks for leadership. Yet an 
exceedingly large number of students, while in pursuit of the 



The Mission of the Sorority 57 

very culture which can add so much enrichment to the simplest 
home, are forced to forego the influences that experience has 
proved most potent in the right adjustment of social con- 
ditions. Deep and lasting are college impressions, for the 
mind, no longer plastic, is moulded into its final form. 
Precious indeed are those that inspire to right ideals of life 
and thought, perilous any that would substitute new ideas for 
old ideals. The sorority through the chapter house empha- 
sizes the advantage of home life over dormitory residence. 
Through the chapter organization it keeps ever before its 
members the imperative need of living together in harmony, 
of assuming and sharing responsibilities, of so ordering one's 
life that every act shall reflect only honor. The chapter, like 
the family, is a corporation, which, though closely associated 
or affiliated with many others, has still within itself a very 
distinct and separate existence. The individual members of 
both are united by very close ties. Both continue indefinitely 
and their position in society depends upon the individual part 
that each member plays. Both lay many responsibilities upon 
their members, but every responsibility has its attendant 
privilege. So closely indeed is the one patterned after the 
other that it is not difficult to see that the sorority chapter 
is an expression of the college girl's belief in the beauty and 
power of the home. The transition from dormitory residence 
to home life must always be a critical time for any girl. Here- 
in lies the reason for much of the restlessness on the part of 
those who have dwelt in dormitories at boarding school or 
college. The new ideas do not adjust themselves to old ideals. 
It is like patching homespun with silk or cloth of gold. The 



58 The Mission of the Sorority 

sorority, by demanding the same virtues as the family, makes 
the break between home and college and later between college 
and home almost imperceptible. New ideals may be made to 
take the place of old ideas, just as precious stones may be 
substituted for paste in some rare old setting or as an artist t 
may renew the colors in some old masterpieces. Any organiza- 
tion that fosters love of home should be encouraged, for from 
the home as the central force in civilization must emanate alll 
the influences that make for progress. 

Whatever the line of service to which she may consecrate 
herself, the sorority girl will always be a success. She cannot 
fail, for her assets largely exceed her liabilities. She is, to be 
sure, under heavy obligations to her parents, her college and 
her sorority, but none of these will ever press for payment. 
They consider their investment safe as long as her name is a 
synonym for honor. As a college woman she will adjust her- 
self in time to any position in which she finds herself, but as 
a sorority girl she will adjust herself quickly, easily, happily, 
because in addition to the stores of knowledge acquired 
through years of study and always available for pleasure or 
profit, she will have gained through the discipline of the chap- 
ter both wisdom and understanding. If called to be the pre- 
siding genius of a home, she will be ready, since she is a col- 
lege woman, to contribute of her wealth of intellect to all 
those agencies that are working for the betterment of social 
conditions, but since she is a sorority girl her appreciation 
of what humanity needs will be keener and truer, her judg- 
ment concerning means and methods to be employed in deal- 
ing with human problems, saner and sounder. If not needed 
in the home the college woman will find ample opportunity 



The Mission of the Sorority 59 

out in the world for the exercise of her various talents. Es- 
pecially will there be an urgent call for her to act as a guide, 
philosopher and friend of aspiring youth, but wiser will be 
her guidance, more practical her philosophy, more potent 
her friendship if she is a sorority girl, for through associa- 
tion with the different members of her chapter she has gained 
a knowledge of human nature such as can come only from 
being in intimate touch with many lives and many minds. 
To sum up, in the case of the second generation of college 
girls the sorority is essentially an individualizing and har- 
monizing agency. 

With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the past, 
with so much more to be done in the present, the sorority may 
look forward to the future with courage, confident that its 
existence in the college fills a want that can be met in no other 
or better way. Ever present is the freshman in need of kind- 
ly counsel, ever present the upper class woman in need of the 
humanizing and vitalizing touch the giving of disinterested 
advice can bestow. Ever present, as a result of the high pres- 
sure demands of scholastic work, is the need of a simple social 
life as a safety valve, ever present amid the multitudinous 
distractions of university life, the need of a constant inspira- 
tion to fine scholarship, ever present at all times the need of 
supplementing the college in its preparation for the serious 
work of life. 

The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in what it 
tries to do, is unimpeachable. Individual members may be 
guilty occasionally of little indiscretions, but lapses of this 
kind will be fewer as the years go on, for the Visiting Delegate, 
by demanding excellence in classroom records, by insisting on 



60 The Mission of the Sorority 

indications of a proper college spirit and a proper chapter 
pride, by expecting a fine regard for the best social observ- 
ances, by emphasizing the importance of simplicity, sincerity 
and sympathy on the part of the members in their relation 
to one another and to other college women, calls the chapter's 
attention to the high ideals' that the order has placed before 
itself, and incidentally paves the way for the sorority as a 
whole to be highly respected by student body and faculty. 
The sorority, as was most natural under complex conditions, 
has given rise to some problems, but such as are at all serious 
will soon no longer exist, for the Pan-Hellenic Conference has 
already demonstrated its ability to cope with them. The 
sorority in the past has been the cause of some needless anxiety 
on the part of faculties, but there will be little occasion for 
uneasiness or apprehension in the future, because faculties 
generally have awakened to a realization of the fact that the 
organization can be made a most invaluable assistant in all 
reforms, experiments, or enterprises that the administration 
may wish to undertake and which may depend for their ulti- 
mate success upon the hearty cooperation of the student body. 
The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, its 
present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserving of 
a very royal welcome whenever it decides to enter a college 
or university, because its advent means that a number of stu- 
dents have banded together and pledged themselves to work 
unfaltering and unflaggingly for high ideals, for noble aims. 
The tiny jewel that sparkles upon the breast of each member 
is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual 
grace that has enthroned itself in the heart and will be con- 
tent with nothing short of the good, the true and the beautiful. 



Literary Sororities 61 

LITERARY SORORITIES 

CONGRESS CLASS 
Alpha Chi Omega 

October 15, 1885 
National Council 

President, Mrs. Edward R. Loud, 504 E. Erie St., Albion, 
Mich. 

Vice-Presidents, Lillian G. Zimmerman, 359 14th Ave., Mil- 
waukee, Wis. ; Mrs. Edgar Sterner, 6743 Dorchester Ave., 
Chicago, 111. 

Secretary, Mary E. Griffith, '^The Lenox," Washington, D. C. 

Treasurer, Myra Jones, ^^The Lenox," Washington, D. C. 

Inspector, Mrs. James H. Crann, 614 Colorado St., Davenport, 
Iowa. 

Deputy Inspector, Mrs. J. Evan Foulds, 1560 LeRoy Ave., 
Berkeley, Cal. 

Editor, Florence A. Armstrong, Indianola, la. 

Chapter Roll 

Albion, Allegheny, Baker, Brenau, California, Colorado, 
De PauiUy^ Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Millikin, Ne- 
braska, New England Conservatory, Northwestern, Oklahoma, 
Oregon College, Simpson, Southern California, Syracuse, 
Washington State, Washington State College, Wisconsin. 

*Place where founded. 



62 Literary Sororities 

Alpha Chi Omega has 23 college chapters and 35 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 3,600, the active mem- 
bership 500, the average initiation 225. The badge is a Greek 
lyre having three required jewels and having the sorority let- 
ters emblazoned in gold on a scroll of black enamel extending 
across the twisted strings. The pledge pin is diamond- 
shaped, of scarlet and olive enamel, and displays a gold lyre. 
The flag is a rectangle of olive green with a scarlet chevron 
bearing three olive stars, below which is a scarlet lyre-bird 
crest, its torse and the stars fimbriated with white. 

Colors — Scarlet and Olive. Flower — Scarlet Carnation 
with Smilax. Tree — ^HoUy. Jewel — None. Open Motto — 
Together let us seek the Heights. Insignia — Lyre, Three Stars, 
Sheaf of Wheat, Open Book, Lyre-bird. Patron — Hera. 
Call— Hi! Hi! Hi! Alpha Chi! Chi-0 ! Alpha Chi Omega! 

Magazine — The Lyre — 1894. 

Secret Annual — The Heraeum — 1911. 

Secret Monthly— The Argolid^l913. 

Next Convention — Undecided, August, 1919. 

Alpha Delta Pi* 
May 15, 1851 

Executive Council 
President, Mrs. P. E. Smith, 1513 Scenic Ave., Berkeley, Cal. 
Vice-President, Alpha Penn, Waxahachie, Texas. 
Secretary, Mrs. R. G. Smith, 3176 Gustine Ave., St. Louis. 
Treasurer, Ethel Thayer, 463 Blue Hill Ave., Grove Hall, Mass. 
Inspector, Paula Garrison, 300 Webster, Houston, Tex. 
Editor, Anne Walker, Mansfield, La. 

*Known as Alpha Delta Phi 1905-13. 



Literary Sororities 63 

Chapter Roll 

Boston, Brenau, California, Colby, Colorado, Florida, Han- 
over, Illinois, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kansas Col- 
lege, Judson, Lawrence, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New- 
comb, Ohio, Randolph-Macon, Southern Methodist, South- 
western, Texas, Trinity, Washington State, Washington State 
College, Wittenberg. 

Alpha Delta Pi has 27 chapters and 13 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 4,000, the active membership 
600, the average initiation 225. The badge is diamond-shaped, 
enameled in black and bearing two stars, clasped hands and 
the sorority letters. The flag is a rectangle of white sur- 
mounted by a diamond of light blue bearing two stars and 
the sorority letters in white. 

Colors — Pale Blue and White. Flower — Violet. Jewel — 
None. Open Motto — ^We live for each other. Insignia — 
Clasped Hands, Stars. Patron — None. Call — Secret. 

Magazine — The Adelphean — 1907. 

Next Convention — Lynchburg, Va., June, 1919. 

Alpha Gamma Delta 
May 30, 1904 
Grand Council 

President, Louise Leonard, 309 Orange St., Syracuse, N. Y. 
Vice-President, Ethel Berry, 21 Balding St., Poughkeepsie, 
N.Y. 



64 Literary Sororities 

Second Vice-President, Marie Bellinghausen, La Salle, 111. 

Secretary, Gladys Branegan, Denton, Texas. 

Treasurer, Mrs. H. H. Slocum, Winona, Minn. 

Historian, Georgia A. Dickover, 18 W. Ross St., Wilkes-Barre, 
Pa. 

Extension Chairman, Mrs. Paul Smith, Amenia, N. D. 

Editor, Mrs. Chester Armstrong, 1907 W. 49th St., Minne- 
apolis, Minn. 



Chapter Roll 

Allegheny, Boston, Brenau, California, De Pauw, Goucher, 
Illinois "Wesleyan, Kentucky, Minnesota, Northwestern, Ohio, 
Syracuse, Washington State, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Gamma Delta has 14 chapters and 17 alumnas associa- 
tions. The total membership is 1,500, the active membership 
250, the average initiation 100. The badge is a monogram of 
the three letters. The pledge pin is a small shield enameled 
in red, buff and green, and displaying the sorority letters. 
The flag is green and buff with the letters in red. 

Colors — Red, Buff and Green. Flower — Red and Buff 
Roses. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Shield, 
Helmet. Patron — None. Call — Secret. 

Magazine — Alpha Gamma Delta — 1909. 

Secret Publication — To Skiouros — 1913. 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1919. 



Literary Sororities 65 

Alpha Omicron Pi 

January 2, 1897 

Executive Committee 
President, Mrs. B. F. Stewart, Jr., Sierra City, Cal. 
Secretary, Helen N. Henry, 264 Boylston St., Boston. 
Treasurer, Lillian MacQuillan, 155 Angell St., Providence. 
Editor, Mary E. Chase, Bozeman, Mont. 

Chapter Roll 

California, Cornell, De Pauw, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, 
Minnesota, Montana College, Nebraska, Newcomb, New York, 
Northwestern, Randolph-Macon, Southern Methodist, Stan- 
ford, Syracuse, Tennessee, Tufts, Vanderbilt, Washington 
State, "Wisconsin. 

Alpha Omicron Pi has 21 college chapters and 12 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 2,000, the active mem- 
bership 400, the average initiation 200. The badge consists 
of the three sorority letters, superimposed one upon the other 
in sequence with a ruby or garnet at the apex of the Alpha, 
though the rest of the pin may be jeweled in accordance with 
individual taste. The pledge pin is a sheaf of gold. The 
flag is a cardinal banner with the Greek letters in white. 

Color — Cardinal. Flower — Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel — 
Ruby. Open Motto — None. Patron — None. Call — ^A Whistle. 

Magazine — To Dragma — 1905. 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1919. 



66 Literary Sororities 

Alpha Phi 

October 20, 1872 
General Board 

President, Mrs. Alice R. von Brincken, Santa Clara, Cal. 

Vice-President, Mrs. Dudley Baird, 2434 Prospect St., Ber- 
keley, Cal. 

Corresponding Secretary, June Schloss, 2925 Hillegass Ave., 
Berkeley, Cal. 

Recording Secretary, Mrs. Howard M. Leggett, 2927 Regent 
St., Berkeley, Cal. 

Treasurer, Ruth Crellin, Pleasanton, Cal. 

Panhellenic Delegate, Amy Comstock, Madison, Wis. 

Editor, Frances Perkins, 95 Sheboygan St., Fond du Lac, Wis. 

Chapter Roll 

Boston, California, Cornell, De Pauw, Goucher, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Northwestern, 
Ohio State, Oregon, Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, Washburn, 
Washington State, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Phi has 19 college chapters, and 11 alumnae chap- 
ters. The total membership is 3,200, the active membership 
350, the average initiation 200. The badge is a monogram. 
The pledge pin is an ivy leaf. The sorority has no national 
flag. 

Colors — ^Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers — Lilies-of-the- 
Valley and Forget-me-nots. Jewel — None. Open Motto — 
Hand in Hand. Insignia — The Constellation of Ursa Major. 
Patron — None. Call — None. 



Literary Sororities 67 

Magazine — The Alpha Phi Quarterly — 1888. 
Next Convention — Indianapolis, June, 1918. 

Alpha Xi Delta 

April 17, 1893 

Grand Officers 
President, Lena Q-. Baldwin, 670 Euclid Ave., Elmira, N. Y. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Harold C. Haskell, 65 Gorham Ave., 

Brookline, Mass. 
Secretary, Bessie Williamson, Galesburg, 111. 
Treasurer, Ellen Ball, 4714 16tli Ave., N. E., Seattle. 
Inspector, Mrs. John Knote, Springfield, Ohio. 
Editor, Polly Fenton, 179 12th St., Milwaukee. 

Chapter Roll 

Albion, Bethany, California, Illinois, Iowa, Iowa Wesleyan, 
Kansas, Kentucky, Lombard^ Minnesota, Mt. Union, Nebraska, 
New Hampshire, Ohio, Ohio State, South Dakota, Stetson, 
Syracuse, Tufts, Vermont, Washington State, West Virginia, 
Wisconsin, Wittenberg. 

Alpha Xi Delta has 24 college chapters and 15 alumnae 
chapters. The total membership is 2,500, the active member- 
ship 400, the average initiation 200. The badge is a quill 
with the society's initials in raised and burnished gold on 
the feathers. The pledge pin is an ellipse of black enamel 
with the edge of bevelled gold, the Greek letters, Alpha Xi 
Delta, being in gold on the black background. The recogni- 



68 Literary Sororities 

tion pin is a triangle of black enamel bearing the society let- 
ters. The flag is a pennant of three horizontal bars, the top 
and bottom of dark blue, one bearing ten gold stars and the 
other a gold quill, the middle bar of light blue with the 
sorority letters in gold. 

Colors — Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower — Pink 
Rose. Jewel None. Open Motto — ^None. Insignia — Quill. 
Patron— None. Call — Secret. 

Magazine — Alpha Xi Delta — 1903. 

Secret Magazine — The Quill — 1915. 

Next Convention — Rockport, Mass., 1918. 

Chi Omega 
Aprils, 1895 
Supreme Governing Council 
President, Mrs. H. M. Collins, Lexington, Ky. 
Vice-President, Ada Caldwell, 355 Marion St., Denver, Colo. 
Secretary, Annie Whiteside, Lynchburg, Va. 
Treasurer, Mrs. C. A. Watson, 1742 Lamont St., N. W., Wash- 
ington, D. C. 
Secret Work, Mary L. Railey, 1630 Josephine St , New Orleans, 

La. 
Editor, Martha M. Land, Lexington, Ky. 

Chapter Roll 
Arkansas, California, Cincinnati, Coe, Colby, Colorado, 
Dickinson, Florida, George Washington, Illinois, Kansas, 
Kansas College, Kentucky, Michigan, Miami, Missouri, 



Literary Sororities 69 

Nebraska, Newcomb, New Hampshire, Northwestern, Ohio, 
Oregon, Eandolph-Macon, Southern Methodist, Stanford, 
Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Tufts, Utah, "Wash- 
ington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 

Chi Omega has 34 college chapters and 30 alumnae asso- 
ciations. The total membership in 4,000, the active member- 
ship 650, the average initiation 250. The badge is a mono- 
gram. The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and an owl 
engraved upon its sides, while the arch bears the letters Eho, 
Beta, Upsilon, Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is oblong, round- 
ed at each end, enamelled in black, with the letters Chi Omega 
in gold. The flag has five vertical bars, three of cardinal and 
two of straw color, broadly banded across the top with a bar 
of cardinal bearing a white carnation of five petals, each with 
five points. 

Colors — Cardinal and Straw. Flower — White Carnation. 
Jewels — Pearls and Diamonds. Declaration — Hellenic Cul- 
ture and Christian Ideals. Insignia — Skull, Cross-bones, Owl, 
Five, Laurel. Patron — Demeter. Call — Mellomen Peirasthai 
Hamillasthai, Mepot' Apothaneisthai, Chi, Chi Omega, Chi! 

Magazine — Eleusis — 1899 . 

Secret Publication — Mystagogite — 1905. 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. 



70 Literary Sororities 

Delta Delta Delta 

Thanksgiving Eve, 1888 
National Council 

President, R. Louise Fitch, Cambridge, 111. 
Pan-Hellenic Delegate, Mrs. E. N. Parmelee, Evanston, 111. 
Vice-President, Mrs. W. M. Hudson, Greencastle, Ind. 
Secretary, Helen Balsley, Stanford University, Cal. 
Treasurer, Pearle Bonisteel, 1609 Sherwin, Chicago. 
Marshal, Mrs. E. L. Hulett, Canton, N. Y. 
Historian, Mrs. F. E. Priddy, Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Alliance Officer, Mrs. Herman Rich, 909 20th Ave., S., Nash- 
ville. 
Editor, Mrs. S. L. Slover, 530 Fairfax Ave., Norfolk, Va. 

Chapter Roll 

Adelphi, Adrian, Alabama, Arkansas, Baker, Boston, 
Brenau, Bucknell, Butler, California, Cincinnati, Coe, Colby, 
Colorado, Colorado Agricultural College, Cornell, De Pauw, 
Drury, Florida, Franklin, Goucher, HoUins, Indiana, Iowa, 
Iowa State College, Judson, Kansas College, Knox, Maine, 
Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Millikin, Minnesota, Missouri. 
Mt. Union, Nebraska, Nevada, Northwestern, Ohio State, Okla- 
homa, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Randolph-Macon, 
Simpson, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, St. Lawrence. 
Stanford, Stetson, Syracuse, Texas, Transylvania, Vanderbiltl 
Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming. 

Delta Delta Delta has 59 chapters and 65 alumnae assoi 
ciations. The total membership is 7,000, the active member 



Literary Sororities 71 

ship 1,200, the average initiation 600. The badge is a crescent 
inclosing three stars and bearing three Deltas. The pin of the 
first degree is a silver trident. Graduate members wear an 
equilateral triangle of white enamel, supporting on its sides 
three Deltas of gold and inscribed in a golden circle surround- 
ed by six spherical triangles in blue enamel. The pledge pin is 
a triangle of green enamel bearing three Greek Alphas in 
silver. The recognition pin is a Roman gold monogram of 
three Deltas. The flag is rectangular in shape and is composed 
of three vertical bars, the first and third sea-green, one bearing 
three Deltas in white and the other three stars in white, the 
middle bar white with a green pine tree upon it. 

Colors — Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower — Pansy. Tree — 
Pine. Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Let Us Steadfastly Love 
One Another. Insignia — Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine 
Tree. Patron — Poseidon. Call — Alala! Alala, Alala! Ta 
Hiera Poseidonia ! 

Magazine — Trident — 1891. 

Secret Quarterly— T/ie Triton— 1QQ&, 

Secret Annual — The Trireme — 1908. 

Secret Monthly— T/ie Triglyph— 1912. 

Secret Weekly— The Triad— 1913. 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. 

Delta Gamma 
January 2, 1874 
Grand Council 
President, Mrs. P. J. Treat, Stanford University, Cal. 



72 Literary Sororities 

Vice-President, Frances S. Bragdon, 1909 Chicago Ave., 
Evanston, 111. 

Secretary, Mrs. E. W. Hawley, 323 Eleventh Ave. S. E., Min- 
neapolis, Minn. 

Treasurer, Pauline Hagaman, 929 Granite Bldg., Rochester, 
N. Y. 

Historian, Jeannette Bartelle, Belvedere I, Apt. 5, Toledo, 
Ohio. 

Editor, Mrs. E. W. Hawley, 323 Eleventh Ave. S. E., Minne- 
apolis, Minn. 

Chapter Roll 

Adelphi, Albion, Buchtel, California, Colorado, Cornell, 
Goucher, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Lawrence, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, 
Northwestern, Ohio State, Oregon, Stanford, Swarthmore, 
Syracuse, Toronto, Washington, Washington State, Wisconsin. 

Delta Gamma has 28 college chapters, 9 alumnae chapters 
and 13 alumnae associations. The total membership is 4,000, 
the active membership 500, the average initiation 200. The 
badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield of 
white enamel with the sorority letters in gold. On the stock, 
also of white enamel, are the three letters, Tau, Delta, and 
Eta in gold. The pledge pin is a shield of white enamel 
similar to the one on the badge with the Greek letters Pi 
Alpha in gold. 

Colors — Bronze, Pink and Blue. Flower — ^Cream-colored 
Rose. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — None. 
Patron — None. Call — None. 



Literary Sororities 73 

Magazine — The Anchora — 1884. 
Next Convention — Undecided, 1919. 

Delta Zeta 

October 24, 1902 

Grand Conncil 

President, Martha L. Railsback, 1628 N. Illinois St., Indian- 
apolis. 

Vice-President, Erma Lindsey, 202 Lefferts PI., Brooklyn, 
N. Y. 

Secretary, Eennie S. Smith, Y. W. C. A., Hamilton, 0. 

Treasurer, Hazel Putnam, Lake City, la. 

Historian, Mrs. H. L. Stephenson, 412 Marguerite Ave., 
Portland, Ore. 

Editor, Arema O'Brien, 78 W. 4th Ave., Columbus, Ohio. 

Chapter Roll 

California, Cincinnati, Cornell, Denver, De Pauw, Eureka, 
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas College, Lombard, Miami, Nebraska, 
Ohio State, Pittsburgh, Washington State. 

Delta Zeta has 15 chapters and 5 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 900, the active membership 300, the 
average initiation 100. The badge is a Roman lamp, flanked 
with Mercury wings and supported by the cap of an Ionic 
column. The sorority letters appear in black enamel on the 
bowl of the lamp, the official jeweling being a diamond in the 
flame of the lamp and four pearls at the base of the cap. The 
pledge pin is diamond-shaped and is inlaid with a gold lamp. 



74 Literary Sororities 

Colors — Old Kose and Nile Green. Flower— Killarney 
Rose. Jewel — Diamond. Open Motto — None. Insignia — 
Lamp, Bible, Scroll, Distaff, Bodkin. 

Magazine — The Lamp — 1909. 

Next Convention — Ithaca, N. Y., 1918. 

Gamma Phi Beta 

November 11, 1874 

Executive Board 

President, Carrie E. Morgan, 777 Harris St., Appleton, Wis. 

Vice-President, Eleanor Sheldon, 110 Malcolm Ave., S., 

Minneapolis, Minn. 
Secretary, Adah Georgina Grandy, 206 E. Central Ave., 

Highland Park, 111. 
Treasurer, Mary Richardson, 4719 Kenmore Ave., Chicago, 111. 
Visiting Delegate, Margaret Nachtrieb, 905 6th St., S. E., 

Minneapolis, Minn. 
Editor, Lindsey Barbee, 1565 Lafayette St., Denver, Colo. 

Chapter Roll 

Boston, California, Colorado Agricultural College, Denver, 
Goucher, Hollins, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Oregon, Stanford, Syra- 
cuse^ 'Wsishington, "Washington State, Wisconsin. 

Gamma Phi Beta Has 20 college chapters and 16 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 3,500, the active mem- 
bership 400, the average initiation 200. The badge is a mono- 
gram of the three sorority letters, inclosed within a crescent 



Literary Sororities 75 

of black enamel bearing in characters of gold the Hebrew for 
'^Four/' The pledge pin is a crescent-shaped stick pin of 
brown enamel. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors — Light and Dark Brown. Flower — Carnation. 
Jewel — None. Open Motto — Founded On a Rock. Insignia — 
Crescent. Patron — None. Call — None. 

Magazine — The Crescent — 1901. 

Next Convention — Denver, 1919. 

Kappa Alpha Theta 

January 27, 1870 

Grand Council 

President, Mrs. John M. Mecklin, King Edward Apts., 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Vice-President, Mrs. E. M. Forde, 1413 Rural St., Emporia, 

Kan. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Martha Cline Huffman, Merna, Neb. 
Secretary and Editor, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, 
N. Y. 

Chapter Roll 

Adelphi, Allegheny, Arizona, Butler, California, Cincin- 
nati, Colorado Agricultural College, Cornell, De Pauiv, 
Goucher, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Lawrence, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Newcomb, North 
Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon 
College, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, South Dakota, 
Southern California, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, 



76 Literary Sororities 

Toronto, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washburn, Washington, Wash- 
ington State, Washington State College, Wisconsin. 

Kappa Alpha Theta has 43 college chapters and 35 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 8,000, the active mem- 
bership 900, the average initiation 400. The badge is a kite, 
the outer edge gold, the inner portion, which is slightly raised, 
of black enamel. In the middle on a band of white are the 
society's initials in gold. Above are two stars set with 
diamonds and below in Greek the date of founding. The 
pledge pin is a small diamond shield used as a stick pin and 
divided diagonally into two triangles, one of gold, the other 
of black enamel. The flag is the coat-of-arms on a gold field 
with bands of black to right and left. 

Colors — ^Black and Gold. Flower — Black and Gold Pansy. 
Jewel — ^None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Stars, Eagle's 
Head, Three Links, Ermine. Patron — None. Call — C. G, 
G. E. flat. 

Magazine — Kappa Alpha Theta — 1885. 

Secret Publication — The Bimonthly — 1911. 

Next Convention — St. Louis, 1919. 

Kappa Delta 

October 27, 1897 

National Council 
President, Marion MuUins, 1424 Cooper St., Ft. Worth, Tex. 
Secretary, Effie Moncure, Shreveport, La. 
Treasurer, Rebecca Smith, 1710 Kentucky, Paducah, Ky. 
Registrar, Mrs. D. S. Duncan, 2174 S. Columbine, Denver. 



Literary Sororities 77 

Chapterian, Edith 0. Knox, 804 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. 
Editor, Elizabeth Corbett, 230 Gilmore St., Jacksonville, Fla. 

Chapter Roll 

Alabama, Bucknell, California, Cincinnati, Coe, Colorado 
Agricultural College, Cornell, Denver, Florida, HoUins, Illinois 
Wesleyan, Iowa State College, Judson, Kentucky, Louisiana, 
Hunter, Millsaps, Northwestern, Randolph-Macon, Southern 
California, Southern Methodist, Trinity, Wyoming. 

Kappa Delta has 23 chapters, and 11 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 1,300, the active membership 500, 
the average initiation 250. The diamond-shaped badge dis- 
plays a dagger, the sorority's initials and the letters A. 0. T. 
in gold on a background of black enamel. The pledge pin 
is an open equilateral triangle of gold superimposed upon 
a dagger, straight lines connecting the center of the base with 
the center of each side. The flag is a thrice barred and den- 
tated pennant, the olive bar bearing a white rose, the white 
a dagger and stars of gold. 

Colors — Olive Green and Pearl White. Flow^er — ^White 
Kaiserin Rose. Jewels — Pearl and Emerald. Open Motto — 
Let TJs Pursue the Honorable. Insignia — Skull, Cross-Bones, 
Skeleton, Dagger, Snake, Ermine, Cross, Lamp, Stars. 
Patron— None. Call— C. F. F. F. F. F. A. 

Magazine — Angelas — 1904. 

Secret Publication— Ta Takta— 1911, 

Next Convention — Undecided, August, 1919. 



78 Literary Sororities 

Kappa Kappa Gamma 

October 13, 1870 

Grand Council 

President, Mrs. Parke R. Kolbe, 250 E. Buchtel Ave., Akron, 

Ohio. 
Vice-President, Sarah Harris, 1145 Elmwood Ave., Evanston, 

111. 
Secretary, Estelle Kyle, 1313 University Ave., Boulder, Colo. 
Treasurer, Martha Willets, 219 Greenwood Ave., Trenton, 

N.J. 
Registrar, Mrs. Charles W. Leaphart, 1511 Rosemary Lane, 

Columbia, Mo. 
Editor, Mrs. Katherine T. MuUin, 175 W. 94th St., New York, 
N. Y. 

Chapter Roll 
Adelphi, Adrian, Akron, Allegheny, Boston, Butler, Cali- 
fornia, Cincinnati, Colorado, Cornell, De Pauw, Hillsdale, 
Idaho, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kan- 
sas College, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mon- 
tana, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Ohio State, Okla- 
homa, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Stanford, St. Lawrence, Swarth- 
more, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Washington State, West Vir- 
ginia, Wisconsin. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma has 40 college chapters and 45 
alumnae associations. The total membership is 7,500, the ac- 
tive membership about 800, the average initiation 350. The 
badge is a key, bearing the society 's initials and the date of 
founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a Delta of dark or 



Literary Sororities 79 

light blue enamel bearing a Sigma in light or dark enamel. 
The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors — Light and Dark Blue. Flower — Fleur de Lis. 
Jewel — Sapphire. Open Motto — None. Insignia — Owl. 
Patron — ^Athena. Call — Hai Korai Athenes. 

Magazine— T/ie Key— 1882, 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. 

Phi Mu 

January 4, 1852 

National Officers 

President, Nellie S. Hart, 3706 Prytania St., New Orleans. 

Vice-President, Mrs. Ralph E. Bailey, 6801 Euclid Ave., 
Cleveland, Ohio ; Mrs. I. M. Keller, Gladstone Hotel, Chi- 
cago. 

Secretary, Ema M. Ferguson, Albuquerque, N. M. 

Treasurer, Mrs. Charles G. Eidson, 2218 N. Charles St., Balti- 
more, Md. 

Historian, Ruth Harris, Spartanburg, N. C. 

Registrar, Mrs. Cecil C. McNeil, 436 Crosby St., Akron, Ohio. 

Editor, Elizabeth McFetridge, 4810 St. Charles Ave., New 
Orleans^ La, 



80 Literary Sororities ' I 

Chapter Roll 

Adelphi, Akron, Baker, Brenau, California, George Wash- \ 
ington, Hanover, HoUins, Iowa Wesleyan, Knox, Lawrence, 
Maine, Millsaps, Missonri, Newcomb, New Mexico, Ohio State, 
Randolph-Macon, Southern California, Southern Methodist, 
Southwestern, Tennessee, Texas, Washington State, Whitman. 

Phi Mu has 25 chapters and 15 alumnae associations. The 
total membership is 4,000, the active membership 500, the 
average initiation 200. The badge is an oddly shaped shield 
of black enamel displaying in the center a hand holding a 
heart. Above is a ribbon of gold bearing the sorority's letters 
and below another bearing three stars. The pledge pin is of 
black enamel and bears a gold Phi. The flag is of rose and 
white bordered mth rose, the former field bearing three white 
stars and the latter the sorority name in rose. 

Colors — Old Rose and White. Flower — Rose- Carnation. 
Jewels — Ruby and Pearl. Open Motto — Les Soeurs Fideles. 
Insignia — Heart, Hand, Stars, Lamp, Lions, Stone. 

Magazine — The Aglaia — 1907. 

Secret Annual — The Philomathean — 1907. 

Secret Quarterly — To Sakos — 1912. 

Next Convention — Columbus, Ohio, 1918. 

Pi Beta Phi 

April 28, 1867 

Grand Council 

Grand President, May L. Keller, Westhampton College, Rich- 
mond, Va. 



JiiTERARY Sororities 81 

Vice-President, Mrs. Ford Allen, 6417 Lake St., Oak Park, 111. 
Grand Secretary, Amy B. Onken, Chapin, 111. 
Grand Treasurer, Anne Stuart, 1906 D St., Lincoln, Neb. 
Editor, Mrs. F. A. Rugg, 201 Davis Ave., Brookline, Mass. 

Chapter Roll 

Arizona, Arkansas, Boston, Bucknell, Butler, California, 
Colorado, Denver, Dickinson, Drury, Franklin, George Wash- 
ington, Goucher, Hillsdale, HoUins, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kansas College, 
Knox, Lombard, Michigan, Middlebury, Millikin, Minnesota, 
Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Newcomb, Northwestern, Ohio, 
Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon College, Randolph- 
Macon, Simpson, Southern California, Southern Methodist, St. 
Lawrence, Stanford, Stetson, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, 
Toronto, Vermont, Washington, Washington State, Washing- 
ton State College, Wisconsin, Wyoming. 

Pi Beta Phi has 55 college chapters and 80 alumnae as- 
sociations. The total membership is 10,000, the active mem- 
bership 1,100, the average initiation 550. The badge is an 
arrow about an inch in length, bearing the sorority letters upon 
the feathers. The pledge pin is an arrow head in Roman gold, 
bearing a burnished Beta. The recognition pin is a miniature 
of the badge. The flag is an indented pennant of wine red sur- 
mounted by a triangle of silver blue, the latter field bearing 
a monogram of the letters I and C surrounded by a halo and 
a monogram of the letters Pi Beta Phi. Its lowest point is 
apparently pierced by a gold arrow which overlaps the lateral 
sections of wine red. 



82 Literary Sororities 

Colors — ^Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower — Dark Red 
Carnation. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — 
Arrow. Patron — Pallas Athena. Call — Ring Ching Ching! 
Ho Hippi Hi ! Ra Ro Arrow ! Pi Beta Phi ! 

Magazine — The Arrow — 1885. 

Next Convention — Lake Geneva, Wis., 1918. 

Sigma Kappa 
November, 1874 

Grand Council 
President, Mrs. M. D. Linger, 362 14th St., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Vice-President, Mrs. B. T. Weston, Rumford, Me. 
Secretary, Mrs. F. C. Battram, 5606 Edgerly St., Oakland, Cal. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Harry Blunt, 1011 Ashland Ave., St. Paul. 
Editor, Mrs. Frances M. Wigmore, Orland, Cal. 

Chapter Roll 

Boston, California, Colby, Denver, George Washington, 
Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Jackson,^ Kansas, Middlebury, 
Randolph-Macon, Southern Methodist, Stanford, Syracuse, 
Washington State. 

Sigma Kappa has 15 college chapters and 12 alumnae as- 
sociations. The total membership is 2,000, the active member- 
ship 300, the average initiation 150. The badge is an equi- 
lateral triangle, supporting a raised triangle of maroon enamel 
with the sorority letters in gold. The pledge pin is a mono- 
gram of the letters, arranged in the form of serpent entwined 
about a K. The sorority has no national flag. 

*0f. Tufts. 



Literary Sororities 83 

Colors — Maroon and Lavender. Flower — Violet. Jewel — 
None. Open Motto — One Heart, One Way. Insignia — Dove 
and Serpent. Patron — Secret. Call S-i-g, Sig, m-a, ma; 
Sigma Kappa, Eah, Rah, Rah. 

Magazine — Sigma Kappa Triangle — 1907. 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. 

Zeta Tau Alpha 

October 25, 1898 

Grand Chapter 

President, Dr. May A. Hopkins, 606 Southwestern Life Bldg., 

Dallas, Tex. 
Vice-President, Fannie Hunter, 1023 W. 36th, Los Angeles, 

Cal. 
Secretary, Mrs. J. L. Bugg, Farmville, Va. 
Treasurer, Mary L. Patrick, 1312 East 53 St., Chicago. 
Historian, Mrs. Maude J. Horner, Rosemary, N. C. 
Inspector, Julia Coe, 614 Cedar Springs St., Dallas, Tex. 
Editor, Christine Bertholas, 2241 Durant Ave., Berkeley, Cal. 

Chapter Roll 

Alabama, Arkansas, Baker, Bethany, Boston, Brenau, Cali- 
fornia, Drury, Judson, Millikin, Pittsburgh, Randolph-Macon, 
Southern California, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Ten- 
nessee, Texas, Trinity, Washington State. 

Zeta Tau Apha has 19 college chapters and 12 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 2,000, the active mem- 
bership 350, the average initiation 200. The badge, an ar- 



84 Literary Sororities 

tistically shaped shield, bears a crown in its ceoitre, flanked 
by the letters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the word Themis. 
The pledge pin is a carpenter's square with a turquoise jewel- 
ing. The sorority flag is a rectangle of turquoise blue bear- 
ing in Greek lettering the word Themis, which is flanked by 
triangular fields of steel gray carrying as devices an A and a 
flaming torch in turquoise blue. 

Colors — Turquoise and Gray. Flower — ^White Violet. 
Jewel — None. Open Motto — Seek the Noblest. Insignia — Eye, 
Crown, Balance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with 
Olive Branch, Sword, Chain, Burning Tapjer. Patron — 
Themis. Call — None. 

Magazine — Themis — 1 903. 

Next Convention — ^Asheville, 1918. 

Beta Sigma Omicron 

December 12, 1888 

Grand Council 

President, Erna B. Watson, Hamilton College, Lexington, Ky. 

Vice-President, Mrs. Omar F. Elder, 1129 Peachtree St., 

Atlanta, Ga. 
Secretary, Mary L. Dooley, 1618 West Clinch Ave., Knoxville, 

Tenn. 
Treasurer, Florence Poteet, 3848 Charlotte, Kansas City, Mo. 
Editor, Florence Fenner, 3948 Wyandotte, Kansas City, Mo. 



Literary Sororities 85 

Chapter Roll 

Belhaven, Centenary, Central, Colorado Woman's, Green- 
ville, Hamilton,* Hardin, HoUins, Lindenwood, Stephens, 
Synodical. 

Beta Sigma Omicron has 11 chapters and 9 alumnae asso- 
ciations. The total membership is 2,500, the active member- 
ship 250, the average initiation 125. The badge is a mono- 
gram of the sorority letters, the Beta inside the Omicron and 
the Sigma, jewelled, superimposed upon the Omicron. The 
pledge pin is a triangle of red enamel with a gold star in each 
corner and a Grecian lamp in the centre. The flag is composed 
of three horizontal bars, the centre one red and the two out- 
side pink. The sorority letters are in red on the upper pink 
bar. On the lower pink bar are three stars in red. The of- 
ficial banner is triangular, broadly banded with red and with 
a pink centre. The sorority letters are in pink and are placed 
in the corners. The date of founding, 1888, is in red in the 
centre of the pink field. 

Colors — Ruby and Pink. Flower — Red and Pink Carna- 
tions. Jewel — Ruby. Open Motto — ^We live to do Good. In- 
signia — Stars, Covenant, Lamp, Laurel. Patron — Hestia. 
Call — ^None. 

Magazine — The Beta Sigma Omicron — 1905. 

Secret Publication — The Lamp — 1913. 

Next Convention — Denver, 1918. 



*Cf. Transylvania. 



86 Literary Sororities 

Eta Upsilon Gamma 

November, 1901 
Grand Officers 
President, Isabel C. Rader, Jefferson City, Mo. 
Vice-President and Editor, Mrs. D. N. McCauley, Laurel- 
Mont. 
Secretary, Frances Fales, Jeffersonville, 111. 
Treasurer, Mrs. C. B. Jackson, Mexico, Mo. 
Northern Organizer, Mrs. L. C. Cleveland, Brunswick, Mo. 
Southern Organizer, Sue Holmes, 814 Russell St., Nashville. 

Chapter Roll 

Belhaven, Centenary, Central, Colorado Woman's, Green- 
ville, Hardin, Lindenwood, Stephens, Synodical. 

Eta Upsilon Gamma has 9 chapters, and 2 alumnae asso- 
ciations. The total membership is 1,500, the active member- 
ship 170, the average initiation 90. The badge is diamond- 
shaped, the central portion being of black enamel and bear- 
ing the sorority's letters, clasped hands, a skull and cross- 
bones. The pledge pin is clasped hands of gold. The flag 
is of green with gold lettering and a gold coat of arms. 

Colors — Olive Green and Gold. Flower — Yellow Rose. 
Jewels — Diamond and Pearl. Open Motto — Be Strong in the 
Truth. Insignia — ^Hands, Skull, Cross-Bbnes, Diamond. 
Lamp, Triangle, Unicorn. 

Magazine — The Adamas — 1909. 

Next Convention — Undecided. 



Literary Sororities 87 

Sigma Iota Chi 

December, 1903 

Grand Chapter 
President, Evelyn McFarlane, Forrest City, Ark. 
Vice-President, Marian McNair, Jackson, Miss. 
Secretary, Adalyn Faris, Jefferson City, Mo. 
Historian, Mrs. A. P. Mullman, Jackson, Tenn. 
Custodian, Wilma Scruggs, Harrisonville, Mo. 
Representative, Phles Stone, Hope, Ark. 

Chapter Roll 
Belhaven, Central, Colorado Woman's, Greenville, Grenada, 
Hardin, Lindenwood, Martha Washington, Stephens, St. 
Katherine's, Union. 

Sigma Iota Chi has 11 chapters, and 5 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 800, the active membership 200, the 
average initiation 100. The badge is a gold shield bearing a 
skull and cross-bones in black enamel and a white scroll dis- 
playing the sorority letters. The pledge pin is a shield of 
purple enamel with the letters in gold. There is no official 
flag. 

Colors — Purple and Gold. Flower— Violet. Jewel — Ame- 
thyst. Open Motto — Deus, Libert as. Lex. Insignia — Eagle, 
Arm, Star. Patron — None. Call — None. 

Magazine — The Parchment — 1907. 

Next Convention — Undecided. 



88 Legal Sororities 

LEGAL SORORITIES 

Although the profession of law has been open to women for 
some years, it has not to date been chosen by any great number, 
so it is not surprising that but two sororities have been founded 
in that field. The vigor of those now in existence, however, 
promises well for the future. 

Kappa Beta Pi 

December 15, 1908 
National Officers 

President, Isabel R. Samuels, 5254 Wayne Ave., Chicago. 
Secretary, Frances R. Callaway, 6632 Evans Ave., Chicago. 
Chancellor, Estella Akin, 1347 Marquette Bldg., Chicago. 

Chapter Roll 

California, Chicago, Chicago-Kent^ De Pauw, John Mar- 
shall, Kansas City, Northwestern, Texas, Washington College 
of Law. The total membership is 200, the average active mem- 
bership 80, the average annual initiation 50. The badge is a 
monogram with the Kappa superimposed. The pledge pin is 
a small shield enameled in turquois and old gold. 

Colors — Turquoise Blue and Old Gold. Flower- Yellow Tea 
Rose. 

Magazine — Kappa Beta Pi Quarterly — 1916. 
Next Convention — Chicago, October, 1917. 




Prnf^BBtonal mh ilumor laiigra 



Legal Sororities 89 

Phi Delta Delta 

November, 1911 
Chapter Roll 

Chicago-Kent, Oregon, Southern California. 

The total membership is 100. The badge is a kite of black 
enamel displaying the letters of the sorority. 

Colors — Old Eose and Violet. Flowers — Rose and Violet. 
Jewel — Pearl. 



90 Medical Sororities 



MEDICAL SORORITIES 

The medical sororities are not numerous, for the number 
of women students enrolled in the medical schools is still com- 
paratively small. Opportunities for professional training 
along this special line are not lacking, as may be seen by a 
glance at the rolls of sororities listed under this head, but it is 
the liberal education that seems to appeal to the majority of 
girls who continue their studies beyond the secondary school. 

The first medical sorority was Alpha Epsilon Iota, founded 
in 1890. It was without a rival for a decade and at present 
has only two, Nu Sigma Phi and Zeta Phi. 

Alpha Epsilon Iota 
February 26, 1890 
Grand Chapter 
President, Dr. Sarah Morris, Madison, Wis. 
Secretary, Dr. Caroline Hedger, Minneapolis. 
Treasurer, Dr. Clara Jacobson, Chicago. 

Chapter Roll 
California,* Chicago, Cooper, Cornell, Illinois, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Syracuse, Women's Medical College of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

*LoB Angeles and San Francisco Medical Departments. 



Medical Sororities 91 

The total membership is 600, the active membership 100, 
the average initiation 40. The badge is a five-pointed star of 
black enamel with the letters of the society's name in the 
three lowest angles. Above is a serpent's head. 

Colors — Black, White and Green. Flower — ^White Carna- 
tion. 

Next Convention — Undecided. 

Nu Sigma Phi 
March 15, 1898 
General Officers 

President, Dr. Irene Robinson Pratt, Chicago. 
Secretary, Dr. Victoria Bergstrom, Chicago. 
Editor, Dr. Anna Hinds, Berwyn, 111. 

Chapter Roll 

Chicago, Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, IIU- 
noiSy Indiana, Nebraska, Southern California, Valparaiso. 

The total membership is 300, the active membership 50, 
the average initiation 25. The badge is a gold monogram of 
the three sorority letters, superimposed one upon the other in 
sequence, the Nii having as the required jeweling three emer- 
alds on the cross bar and five diamonds on each standard. 

Colors — Green and "White. Flower — ^White Rose. 

Next Convention — Undecided. 



92 Medical Sororities 

Zeta Phi 

May 29, 1900 
General Officers 

President, Dr. Edith Hale Smft, Boston. 
Secretary, Dr. Alice H. Bigelow, Boston. 
Treasurer, Dr. Dorothy Child, University of Kansas. 

Chapter Roll 

Johns Hopkins, Syracuse^ Toronto, Tufts, Women's Medi- 
cal College of Pennsylvania. 

The total membership is 150, the active membership 25. 
the average initiation 10. The badge is a quartrefoil of black 
enamel, bearing a caduceus with wings and rod in white and 
serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi appear to left and 
right of the caduceus. 

Colors — ^Black, White and Gold. Flower — Daisy. 

Next Convention — Undecided. 



Musical Sororities 93 



MUSICAL SORORITIES 

The first of this class was Alpha Chi Omega founded at 
De Pauw University in 1885 under the special patronage of 
Dean James L. Howe of the College of Music. Dean Howe 
believed so thoroughly in the advantages of these organiza- 
tions that in 1892 he lent his aid to the establishment of a sec- 
ond similar society called Phi Mu Epsilon. Alpha Chi Omega 
has always been most progressive and has grown rapidly. In 
1903 it made a striking change in its policy, for instead of con- 
fining itself strictly to schools of music affiliated with univer- 
sities, it admitted such students from the liberal arts depart- 
ments as were taking courses in music. The Convention of 
1908 went further and ruled that chapters might permit fifty 
per cent of their membership to be drawn from the liberal 
arts department with no music. In 1915 further legislation 
removed all stated requirements as to division of membership 
between the liberal arts and the fine arts. Alpha Chi Omega 
now regards itself as a general sorority with musical traditions. 

Phi Mu Epsilon remained a local for ten years, establish- 
ing its second chapter at Syracuse in 1902. Its badge was a 
harp with three strings across which ran a ribbon of black 
enamel bearing the sorority's initials in gold. Its colors were 
lavender and white, its flower the white rose. In 1906 it 
affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon, founded at the Metropolitan 
College of Music located at Cincinnati. For some years Mu 



94 Musical Sororities 

Phi Epsilon denied its members affiliation with any Congress 
Sorority, but since 1915 the society has regarded itself as both 
honorary and professional, so some of its chapter rolls carry. 
the names of music students who are active members of Con- 
gress Sororities on the same campus. 

The musical sorority always labors under the disadvantage 
of drawing its material from a department where the average 
student remains only two years. Its influence, however, is^ 
very potent in holding its members to high standards of work^ 
along their chosen line. 

Delta Omicron 

September 8, 1909 
Grand Officers 

President, Mrs. D. S. Babb, Xenia, Ohio. 
Secretary, Mrs. J. A. McClure, Jr., Columbus, Ohio. 
Treasurer, Mabel Metz, Newark, 0. 

Chapter Roll 

Cincinnati Conservatory, Denison, Detroit Conservatory, 
Michigan, Morrey School. 

Delta Omicron has 5 chapters. The total membership is 
150, the active membership 50, and the average initiation 25. 
The badge is a jeweled lyre with a gold bar bearing the 
sorority letters in black enamel. The pledge pin is a mono- 
gram of the two letters. 

Colors — Old Rose and Silver. Flower — Lily-of-the-Valley. 
Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Ames Tuam Sororem Qiiam 



Musical Sororities 95 

Ipsam. Insignia — ^Wheel, Torch, Serpents, Stars, Javelin, 
Triangle. Patron — None. 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. 

Mu Phi Epsilon 

November 13, 1903 
Supreme Council 

President, Mrs. Wm. E. Wright, 662 Park Ave., Meadville, Pa. 
Vice-President, Mrs. F. J. Compton, 554 Sheridan Sq., Chicago. 
Secretary, Hattie Elliott, 130 Seward Ave., Detroit. 
Treasurer, Clara Von Nostitz, 215 Rockingham St., Toledo. 
Editor, Emma K. Coleman, 2637 Bellevue Ave., Cincinnati. 

Chapter Roll 

Brenau, Bucknell, Chicago Conservatory, Chicago Musical 
College, Cincinnati Conservatory, Comb's Conservatory, De- 
troit Conservatory, Drake, Ithaca Conservatory, Kansas, 
Kroeger School of Music, Lawrence, Metropolitan Colleges of 
Music {Cincinnati and Indianapolis), Michigan, Mt. Union, 
New England Conservatory, Northwestern, Oregon, Pennsyl- 
vania College of Music, Simpson, Syracuse, Toledo Conserva- 
tory, Washington College of Music, Washington State. 

Mu Phi Epsilon has 25 chapters and 7 alumnae clubs. 
The total membership is 1,300, the active membership 400, the 
average initiation 200. The badge consists of a jeweled 
triangle bearing the Greek Letters and supporting another 



96 Musical Sororities 

of black enamel ornamented with a lyre in gold. The pledge , 
pin is a silver triangle bearing a raised lyre. ' 

Colors — Royal Purple and White. Flower — Violet. 
Jewel — Amethyst. Open Motto — Seeketh Not Her Own. 
Insignia — Lyre and Triangle. Patron — None. 

Magazine — Mii Phi Epsilon Quarterly — 1905. 

Next Convention — Eugene, Ore., May, 1919. 

Sigma Alpha Iota 
June 12, 1903 
Grand Officers 

President, Mrs. F. A. Mangang, 125 Giles St., Ithaca, N. Y. 
Vice-President, Rebecca Alter, 3669 Reading Road, Cincinnati. 
Rec. Sec, Elenore Walker, Rose Ann Bldg., Cincinnati. 
Cor. Sec, Ina Williams, 2228 Hill Terrace, Ithaca, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Jeanne Bresler, 1660 Second Ave, Detroit. 
Inspector, Mrs. E. S. Sherrill, 50 Dexter Blvd., Detroit. 
Editor, Hazel Sparks, 718 Commonwealth Ave., Boston. 

Chapter Roll 
American Conservatory (Chicago), Cincinnati College of 
Music, Cincinnati Conservatory, Detroit Conservatory, Indian- 
apolis College of Musical Art, Ithaca Conservatory, Lawrence, 
Lincoln University School of Music, Michigan, Millikin, New 
England Conservatory, North Dakota, Northwestern, Wash- 
burn. 



Musical Sororities 97 

Sigma Alpha Iota has 14 chapters and 2 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 600, the active membership 
200, the average initiation 150. The badge consists of seven 
gold Pan pipes surrounded by a jeweled ellipse bearing the 
sorority's initials in gold on black enamel. The pledge pin is 
the Pan pipes alone. The flag is crimson with white letters. 

Colors — Crimson and White. Flower — Crimson Rose. 
Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Vita Brevis, Ars Longa, In- 
signia — Pan Pipes, Ellipse. Patron — None. 

Magazine — Pan Pipes — 1910. 

Ammsl—The Year Book— 1910. 

Next Convention — Cincinnati, April, 1918. 



98 Osteopathic Sororities 

OSTEOPATHIC SORORITIES 

The new school of healing, Osteopathy, has called into be- 
ing new fraternities and sororities. The first one of the latter, 
Delta Omega, is as yet without a national rival. 

Delta Omega 
October 15, 1904 
Grand Council 
President, Dr. Ada A. Achorn, 687 Boylston St., Boston. 
Vice-President, Dr. Jessie A. Wakeham, 1049 Rush St., Chi- 
cago. 
Secretary, Dr. L. Verna Simons, 301 State St., Grand Rapids, 

Mich. 
Treasurer, Dr. Kathryn B. Lomas, 1405 Hinman Ave., Evans- 
ton, 111. 

Chapter Roll 
American School of Osteopathy , Los Angeles, Still College. 
Delta Omega has 3 college chapters, but no alumnae as- 
sociations. The total membership is 160, the active member- 
ship 40, the average initiation 15. The badge is a kite of 
olive green enamel bordered with gold and bearing in gold a 
skull and cross-bones in the upper part, while below are the 
sorority letters in gold on a white chevron. The pledge pin 
is a Delta of green enamel within a gold Omega. 

Colors — ^Olive Green and Gold. Flower — Chrysanthemum. 
Jewel — Diamond. Open Motto — None. Insignia — ^Kite, Skull, 
Cross-Bones. Patron — None. Call — None. 
Magazine — The Alpha, 1912. 
Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. 



Pedagogical Sororities 99 



PEDAGOGICAL SORORITIES 

The normal sorority is the most recent development of the 
fraternity idea. Local normal societies may be found in 
many places and in New York State there are several organi- 
zations with fanciful names, such as Agonian, Arethusa, 
Clionian, that have been in existence for a number of years 
and have from time to time chartered locals in neighboring 
normal schools. There is, however, but slight cohesion be- 
tween the chapters and no central governing body. It re- 
mained for Sigma Sigma Sigma to launch the idea of a 
professional normal sorority and to establish a Greek-letter 
society that should be to the state normal school what the well- 
known sororities are to the state university. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma was founded at the Virginia State 
Normal School in 1898 and remained a local until 1903, when 
it secured a state charter and began establishing chapters. 
Within six years charters were granted to Lewisburg Semi- 
nary (1903), Randolph-Macon Woman's College (1904), Pea- 
body Teachers College, HoUins Institute, Searcy Institute 
and Southwestern University (1905), Frederick Woman's 
College (1906), Union University (1909). Owing to anti- 
sorority regulations the Frederick and Searcy chapters became 
inactive in 1907 and that at Lewisburg in 1908. Within the 
next few years the sorority found numerous opportunities to 
charter petitioning locals in state normal schools, and as this 



100 Pedagogical Sororities 

field promised a splendid development the Convention of 1911 
voted to make a radical change in policy. The college chapters 
were in consequence released from their allegiance. Those at 
Randolph-Macon and Southwestern went into Delta Delta 
Delta. The chapter at Union will remain with Tri Sigma until 
suitable arrangements can be made for it. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha was the second of the ^'hybrid" sorori- 
ties to enter the pedagogical field. It was founded at the 
Virginia State Normal School also, remaining local until 1903, 
when it started on a career of expansion, granting charters to 
Lewisburg Seminary (1903), Columbia College for "Women 
(1904), Mary Baldwin Seminary, Fauquier Institute, Fair- 
mount Seminary and Ward Seminary (1905), Randolph- 
Macon (1908), Brenau, Mt. Union and St. Mary's (1909), 
Shorter (1910), Hamilton School (1911). The chapters at 
Lewisburg, Columbia, Mary Baldwin, Fauquier, Fairmount, 
St. Mary's and Shorter were killed by anti-sorority rules. By 
1914 the only chapters in existence were those at Virginia, 
Randolph-Macon, Brenau and Mt. Union. The three collegiate 
groups being desirous of affiliation with Congress sororities so 
as to strengthen themselves locally, it became necessary for the 
Mother Chapter to find a new field for itself. This it did by 
becoming a professional pedagogical sorority in 1914, when it 
combined with several other sororities of long standing in nor- 
mal schools. The Randolph-Macon chapter went into Pi Beta 
Phi in 1913, those at Brenau and Mt. Union affiliating with 
Delta Delta Delta in 1914. 



Pedagogical Sororities 101 

Alpha Sigma Alpha 

November 15, 1901 
National Council 

President, Mrs. W. H. Martin, 5 Cobden St., Roxbnry, Mass. 
Vice-President, Ida A. Jewett, Kirksville, Mo, 
Secretary, Edith Gamble, Downing, Mo. 
Treasurer, Ruth Duffey, South Charleston, Ohio. 
Registrar, Eleanor Lowry, Aspinwall, Pa. 
Historian, Dorothy Batten, Suffolk, Va. 
Librarian, Mary A. Paden, Carr, Colo. 
Ritualist, Minnie Shockley, Alva, Oklahoma. 

Chapter Roll 

Alva, Emporia, Greeley, Kirksville, Miami, Ohio, Penn- 
Indiana, Virginia. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha has 8 chapters and 10 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 800, the active membership 
200, the average initiation 100. The badge is a concave square 
of black enamel displaying the sorority letters, a star and a 
crown. The pledge pin is similarly shaped, but enameled in 
crimson. The flag is a white oblong displaying a crimson 
phoenix. 

Colors — Pearl White, Crimson, Palm Green and Gold. 
Flowers — Aster and Narcissus. Jewels — Pearl and Ruby. 
Open Motto — Aspire, Seek, Attain. Insignia — Star, Crown, 
Palm Tree, Phoenix. Patron — Hermes. Call — Rah, rah, rah, 
rah, rah, rah, rah, rah, A-S-A, A-S-A, A-S-A, Forever ! 

Esoteric Weekly — The Phoenix — 1914. 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1918. 



102 Pedagogical Sororities 

Delta Sigma Epsilon 

September 28, 1918 
National Council 

President, Alice Peterson, Greeley, Colo. 
Secretary, Mrs. Orley See, Sacramento, Cal. 
Treasurer, Irene Woodmansee, Cherokee, Okla. 
Organizer, Virginia Stark, Mansfield, Ohio. 
Editor, Lillian Bevan, McKeesport, Pa. 

Chapter Roll 

Alva, Emporia, Greeley, Miami, Penn-Indiana. 

Delta Sigma Epsilon has 5 chapters and 5 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 300, the active membership 150, 
the average initiation 75. The badge is a seven-sided shield of 
black enamel, bearing the sorority letters, a cornucopia and a 
circle. The pledge pin is a cornucopia. 

Colors — Olive Green and Cream. Flower — Cream Tea 
Rose. Jewel — Pearl. Open Motto — Nihil Sine Lahore. In- 
signia — Circle, Cornucopia. Patron — None. 

Magazine— T7ie Shield— 1917, 

Next Convention, Greeley, Colo., 1918. 

Pi Kappa Sigma 

November 17, 1894 
National Council 

President, Alice M. Lowden, Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Vice-President, Martha G. Ziegler, 2362 Wheeler St., Cin-i 
cinnati. 



Pedagogical Sororities 103 

Secretary, Frederica Bretch, 2314 California Ave., Pittsburgh. 
Treasurer, Helen M. Cook, 307 Adams St., Ypsilanti, Mich. 

Chapter Roll 

Alva, Cincinnati, Miami, Penn-Indiana, Ypsilanti. 

Pi Kappa Sigma has 5 chapters and 2 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 750, the active membership 100, the 
average initiation 50. The badge is a modified triangular 
shield of black enamel, displaying the sorority letters and a 
lamp, and carrying a diamond surrounded by thirteen gold 
rays. The pledge pin is a modified triangle enameled in tur- 
quoise and carrying the sorority letters. 

Colors — Turquoise and Gold. Flowers — Forget-me-not 
and Jonquil. Jewel — None. Open Motto — None. Insignia — 
Lamp, Star, Phi, Open Book, Laurel Wreath, Scroll. Patron — 
None. Call— C. E. E. Flat. E. C. 

Next Convention — Cincinnati, 1919. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma 
April 20, 1898 
Grand Chapter 

President, Mabel L. Walton, Woodstock, Va. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Bruce Devor, Clarksburg, W. Va. 
Secretary, Hazel Geer, 701 Congress St., Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Treasurer, Carrie K. Mason, Mattoax, Va. 
Inspector, Genevieve Kirkbride, Foster Hall, Chicago. 
Editor, Mrs. J. J. Eaton, 1327 S. 20th St., Birmingham, Ala. 



104 Pedagogical Sororities 

Chapter Roll 

Alva, Buffalo, Emporia, Greeley, Kirksville, Miami, Ohio, 
Penn-Indiana, Union, Virginia^ Warrensburg, Ypsilanti. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma has 12 chapters and 9 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 900, the active membership 
250, the average initiation 150. The badge is an equilateral 
triangle with indented sides, the raised inner portion of black 
enamel having a Sigma in each corner and a skull and cross- 
bones in the centre. The pledge pin is an indented triangle 
superimposed upon a circle. The sorority flag is of purple 
crossed diagonally with a white band bearing the sorority 
letters in purple, the purple fields displaying a triangle and 
a circle in white. 

Colors — Purple and White. Flower — Violet. Jewel — 
None. Open Motto — Faithful unto Death. Insignia — Skull, 
Cross-Bones, Triangle, Circle. Patron — None. 

Magazine — The Triangle — 1905. 

Next Convention — Undecided, 1919. 



Necrology of Chapters 105 

NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS 

Alpha Chi Omega — Bueknell University, 1898-99. 

Alpha Delta Pi — Wesleyan College, 1851-1916 ; Salem College, 
1905-09; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1906-08; Alabama, 
1907-08; Alabama Women's College, 1910-13. 

Alpha Gamma Delta — Wesleyan University, 1906-12. 

Alpha Kappa Psi— St. Mary's School, 1904-11; Virginia 
Female Institute, 1904-09; Wesleyan College,* 1907-13; 
Stetson University,* 1909-13; Shorter College, 1911-12; 
Florida,* 1908-16; Synodical, t 1913-16. 

Alpha Omicron Fi— Barnard, 1897-1915. 

Alpha Phi— Barnard, 1903-15. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha — ^Lewisburg Institute, 1904-07 ; Columbia 
College (S. C), 1904-10; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1905- 
08; Fauquier Institute, 1905-06; Fairmont Seminary, 
1906-08; Ward Seminary, 1907-10; Randolph-Macon 
Woman's College,§ 1908-13; St. Mary's School, 1909-11; 
Brenau,* 1909-14; Mt. Union,* 1909-14; Shorter College, 
1910-12; Hamilton School, 1911-12. 

Beta Sigma Omicron — Christian, 1888-92 1910-15; Missouri 
Yalley College, 1892-93 ; Sedalia, Mo. High School, 1898- 
1906; Pueblo, Colo., High School, 1902-06; Mary Baldwin 
Seminary, 1903-08; Ward-Belmont, 1903-15; Fairmont 
Seminary, 1904-12; Potter College, 1906-09; Brenau, 
1907-14; Liberty College, 1908-13 ; Crescent College, 1909- 
14; Woman's College of Alabama, 1911-13. 

* Affiliated with Delta Delta Delta. 
§ Affiliated with Pi Beta Phi. 
t Affiliated with Eta Upsilon Gamma. 



106 Necrology of Chapters 

Chi Omega — Jessamine Female Institute, 1898-02; Hellmuth 
Woman's College, 1899-1900; Belmont College, 1899- 
1903; University of Mississippi, 1899-1912; Union Uni- 
versity, 1903-11 ; Barnard, 1906-15. 

Delta Delta Delta — Wesleyan University, 1895-1912 ; Barnard, 
1903-15; Mississippi, 1904-12; Wooster, 1912-14:; Wes- 
leyan College, 1913-16. 

Delta Gamma — Warren Female histitute,^ 1874-89 ; Water 
Valley Seminary, 1877-80; Fairmont College, 1877-80 
Bolivar College, 1878-81; Franklin College, 1878-83 
Hanover College, 1881-87; Synodical College, 1882-85 
Mt. Union College, 1882-1909 ; St. Lawrence University, 
1884-87 ; Adelbert College, 1883-88 ; University of South- 
ern California, 1887-97. 

Eta Upsilon Gamma — Christian^ 1901-15; Forest Park Uni- 
versity, 1903-12; Potter College, 1907-09 ; Brenau College, 
1910-11; Judson, 1910-14; Ward-Belmont, 1912-15. 

Gamma Phi Beta — Barnard, 1901-15. | 

Kappa Alpha Theta— Moore 's Hill College, 1871-74; Illinois 
Wesleyan University, 1875-95 ; Wooster University, 1875- 
1913; Ohio University, 1876-86; Simpson College, 1879- 
91; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1881-81; Hanover Col- 
lege, 1882-99 ; Wesleyan University, 1883-87 ; Albion Col- 
lege, 1887-1908 ; University of the Pacific, 1889-90 ; Bar- 
nard, 1898-1915. 

Kappa Delta — Virginia Normal School, 1897-1912; Chatham 
Episcopal Institute, 1902-04 ; Sub-rosa, 1902-04 ; Gunston 

* Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford Female Institute, and located 
at Oxford, Miss. 



Necrology op Chapters 107 

Hall, 1903-12; Fairmont Seminary, 1903-12; St. Mary's 
School, 1904-11; Columbia College, 1905-10; Caldwell 
College, 1907-08; Woman's College Alabama, 1913-13. 

Kapp£ Kappa Gamma — Monmouth College, 1870-84; St. 
Mary's School (Knoxville, 111.), 1871-74; Smithson Col- 
lege, 1872-75; Eockford Seminary, 1874-76; Wooster, 
1876-1913; Franklin College, 1879-84; Simpson College, 
1880-90; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1880-84; Lassell 
Semiaary, 1881-82; Barnard, 1891-1915. 

Phi Mu— Wesleyan College, 1852-1916; Salem College, 1904- 
09; St. Mary's School, 1906-10; Chevy Chase School, 
1907-10 ; Hardin College, 1907-11 ; Belmont College, 1907- 
11 ; Shorter College, 1911-12. 

Phi Mu Gamma— Hollins College, 1898-1916 ; The Ely School, 
1902-06; Brenau, 1902-14; Judson College,! 1904-13; 
Louisiana State University, 1908-10; Potter College, 
1908-09; New England Conservatory,^ 1908-15; Shorter 
College, 1910-12; Newcomb,^ 1910-14; Woman's College 
of Alabama, 1911-13 ; Christian. 1914-15 ; Ward-Belmont, 
1914-15; Middlebury,t 1914-16. 

Pi Beta Phi— Monmouth College, 1867-84; Mt. Pleasant Fe- 
male Seminary, 1869-71; De Pauw University, 1870-77; 
Baptist Young Ladies' Seminary, Indianapolis, 1870-71; 
Illinois Wesleyan College, 1872- ? ; State Institute, Bloom- 
ington, Indiana, 1872-85; Bella College, Pella, Iowa, 
1881-?; Dearborn Seminary, Chicago, 111., 1881-83; Jack- 

t Affiliated with Delta Delta Delta. 
§ Affiliated with Gamma Phi Beta. 
' Affiliated with Sigma Alpha Iota, 
'i Affiliated with Kappa Alpha Theta. 



108 Necrology of Chapters 

sonville Female Academy, Jacksonville, 111., 1881-84 ; Iowa 
State Normal, Bloomfield, Iowa, 1881-85; Carthage Col- 
lege, 1882-88; Nebraska Methodist College, York, Neb., 
1884-92; Coe CoUege, 1884-86; Wesleyan College, Gncin- 
nati, Ohio, 1885-86; Callanan College, 1886-88; Hastings 
College, 1887-90; Barnard, 1904-15; Wooster, 1930-13. 

Sigma Iota Chi — Alexandria, La.,^ 1903-06; Wiachester 
Normal College, 1904-07 ; Cincinnati Conservatory, t 1904- 
15 ; Hannah Moore Academy, 1906-08 ; National Cathedral 
School, 1907-08; Potter College, 1907-09; Virginia Col- 
lege, 1907-10; Hagerman College, 1907-10; Gunston 
Seminary, 1908-10; Crescent College, 1909-11; Brenau 
CoUege, 1910-13; Shorter College, 1910-12; Ward- 
Belmont, 1914-15. 

Sigma Kappa — BrowTi University, 1908-12. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma — Lewisburg Seminary, 1903-08; Ran- 
dolph-Macon Woman's College,! 1904-11; Searcy Insti- 
tute, 1905-07; HoUins, 1905-14; Southwestern Univer- 
sity,? 1905-11; Frederick Woman's College, 1906-07. 

Zeta Tau Alpha — Virginia Normal School, 1898-1906 ; Hannah 
Moore Academy, 1900-04 ; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904- 
06; Richmond College, 1905-08. 

* Sigma Iota Chi was founded by graduates of two sister schools, located at 
Alexandria, St. James and St. Xavier. The society had no constitution until 1906, 
when the Belmont chapter, founded in 1905, became incorporated under the laws 
of Tennessee. 

t Affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon. 

t Affiliated with Delta Delta Delta when Sigma Sigma Sigma became a 
normal sorority. 



Honorary Societies 109 



HONORARY SOCIETIES 

Honorary Greek-Letter societies grow more numerous with 
the years, as specialization leads most naturally to differentia- 
tion in degrees and as university authorities endeavor to find 
some way of adding distinction to the student who has done 
work of unusual excellence. At present women are eligible 
to membership in four, — Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi 
Kappa Phi and Alpha Omega Alpha. Phi Beta Kappa was 
originally a secret fraternity, in practically all respects like 
those of the present time, but owing to force of circumstances 
its secrets became known and the society gradually assumed a 
new character. The three others, all founded within the last 
quarter century, were copied directly from Phi Beta Kappa 
with such changes as special needs demanded. 

Phi Beta Kappa stands for a liberal culture as represented 
by the humanities, Sigma Xi seeks to exalt scientific studies 
to a place of honor among the humanities, while Phi Kappa 
Phi aims to recognize high rank in any department of col- 
legiate education. Alpha Omega Alpha is a medical society. 
Its object is high scholarship, honorably acquired and honestly 
employed. 

Phi Beta Kappa 
Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the Col- 
lege of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., on December 
5, 1776. Its avowed purpose was ''A happy spirit and resolu- 



110 Honorary Societies 

tion of attaining the important ends of society/' With this 
aim in view much attention was given to essays and debates 
with an anniversary banquet as an outlet for the youthful 
spirits of the members. The society was essentially secret, had 
a most binding oath of fidelity and a peculiar token of saluta- 
tion. The original records give no clue to the source from 
which came the inspiration to form this secret Greek-Letter 
society, but the philosophical clubs then so common among the 
students at French and German universities may have led the 
founders to establish an organization that should stand for 
good fellowship. Then, too, the stirring times in which they 
lived, the burning oratory of Virginia patriots, the very 
Declaration of Independence itself, doubtless suggested the 
value of a united brotherhood. 

Early provisions were made for placing branches elsewhere, 
for the organizers believed it was '^Repugnant to the liberal 
principles of Societies that they should be confined to any 
particular place, Men or Description of Men, but that they 
should be extended to the wise and virtuous of every degree 
and of whatever country.'' The records show that the Beta, 
Gamma and Delta charters were granted, but do not indicate 
that such branches were organized. The War of the Revolu- 
tion may have put an end to them as it did to the parent 
chapter. On January 3, 1781, the British fleet appeared off 
the coast and three days later the last meeting was held. 
It is interesting to learn from history that nearly one-third 
of the fifty members enlisted in the Continental Army, that 
seventeen served in the state legislature, that eight were mem- 
bers of the convention which ratified the Federal Constitu- 



Honorary Societies 111 

tion, that two became United States Senators and five Repre- 
sentatives, that many of the others were famous men in their 
day. 

No attempt was made to revive the chapter at William and 
Mary until 1849, but the reorganized society had existed for 
scarcely more than a decade, when the Civil War broke out. 
Another attempt was made in 1895, and the mother chapter 
is now in a vigorous condition and likely to remain so for many 
a year. The suspension of meetings in 1781 would in all 
probability have rung the death-knell of this most interesting 
organization had it not been for the fact that a Northern man, 
Elisha Parmele, Harvard, 79, went to Williamsburg for post- 
graduate work. Such an idea seems strange today, but in 
colonial times William and Mary was the richest as well as 
the most thoroughly English of the colleges. Its Chancel- 
lors were the Bishops of London, its presidents their repre- 
sentatives. As the most prosperous college in the colonies it 
doubtless offered unusual opportunities along some lines. 
Mr. Parmele was initiated on July 31, 1779, and being strongly 
impressed with the possibilities for future growth, he asked 
for permission to establish branches at Harvard and Yale. 
The charters were called the Alpha of Massachusetts Bay and 
the Alpha of Connecticut. Eight years later these two chap- 
ters granted a charter to Dartmouth and for thirty years these 
colleges constituted the roll. 

When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry was arous- 
ing all New England in 1831, John Quincv Adams, Judge 
Story and other prominent men prevailed upon the Harvard 
chapter to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was sent to 



112 Honorary Societies 

the Yale chapter to secure acquiescence. The records say 
that, ^^He touchingly set forth that the students of Harvard 
had such conscientious scruples as to keep them from taking 
the oath of secrecy and the society life was thus endangered. 
There was stout opposition, but the notion prevailed and the 
missionary returned to gladden the tender conscience of the 
Harvard boys." 

The establishment of the chapter at Union College in 1817 
gave rise to the fraternity system of the present time, because 
it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 1825. The 
newer organizations with their charm of secrecy appealed 
strongly to the undergraduates, and little by little, as greater 
emphasis was laid upon scholastic records and honor men 
alone were elected to membership in Phi Beta Kappa, it tran- 
spired that the mother of fraternities lost many of its original 
characteristics and came to stand, as it does today, for a 
brotherhood of scholars. '^For nearly half a century," wrote 
Edward Everett Hale in 1879, in his Fossil from the Tertiary, 
*4t was the only society in America that could pretend to 
be devoted to literature and philosophy. ' ' And it happened, 
therefore, that in the infant literature of the nation some 
noteworthy steps are marked by orations and poems delivered 
before the Phi Beta Kappa. Among the famous men whose 
names have appeared upon the programs of the great public 
gatherings of the society are Adams, Everett, Story, Sumner, 
Beecher, Wendell Phillips, Webster, Choate, Bryant, Emer- 
son, Holmes and Longfellow. The hundredth anniversary 
was noteworthy as suggesting the culmination of a movement 
that resulted in the formation in April of 1877 of an alumni 



Honorary Societies 113 

association in New York City, known as the Phi Beta Kappa 
alumni. 

For more than a century the custom prevailed of requiring 
the consent of all Alpha chapters before a new Alpha could 
be established in a new state, all subsequent charter grants in 
that state being dependent upon the will of the Alpha. This 
most unsatisfactory method of establishing new chapters, the 
impossibility of demanding uniform standards of scholarship, 
the entire lack of unity in a movement that was without 
definite organization, the absence of any system of literary 
activity, were conditions generally deplored, but no attempt 
was made to evolve a national organization until the Harvard 
chapter celebrated its centenary on June 30, 1881. At this 
time the idea of a governing body was suggested and discussed, 
but no definite step taken. At a gathering, however, of dele- 
gates from sixteen chapters in New York, October 18, 1881, 
a resolution w^as made to recommend a permanent and a repre- 
sentative form of government. At Saratoga Springs, Sep- 
tember 6-7, 1882, delegates from fifteen chapters unanimously 
adopted a constitution which was ratified in 1883 by all the 
chapters. The organization was known henceforth as ^^The 
United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa." 

Under the present arrangement all applications for char- 
ters must be made to the Senators, a group of twenty promi- 
nent members of national reputation, who hold their office for 
six years, and each application must be endorsed by five exist- 
ing chapters. The charter grants depend to a large extent 
upon the recommendations of these men, but the final decision 
is made at the Triennial Convention, and no charters are is- 



114 Honorary Societies 

sued without the consent of delegations representing a major- 
ity of chapters. Since the new constitution went into effect, 
the society has given evidence of greatly increased vigor. 
Many triennial conventions have been held and numerous char- 
ter grants have been made. Much has been done also to 
bring about the unification of the chapters and to secure 
higher standards. Only such institutions as grant the A.B. 
degree in regular course are eligible to charters and no chapter 
is expected to elect to membership more than one-fourth of 
the graduating class. The recent movement to gather valu- 
able historical data and to publish periodical literature, cul- 
minating in a quarterly, called The Phi Beta Kappa Key^ is 
a most important one. The Elisha Parmele Scholarship, for 
which a fund had been accumulating, became effective in 
1911, and is devoted to educating at William and Mary Col- 
lege a son* of a worthy Phi Beta Kappa member. 

"Women were first admitted to membership about the year 
1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. The Cor- 
nell chapter has never made any sex distinction since its 
organization in 1882. The number of women on the rolls, 
however, was very small up to the year 1890, for until that 
time few chapters existed at colleges open to them. The de- 
cision of recent conventions to grant charters to independent 
colleges for women and the election of a woman to the Senate, 
indicate that Phi Beta Kappa is well on the road to becoming 
truly representative of the highest scholarship in the United 
States. 

* If William and Mary should admit women, daughters will be eligible 
to the scholarship. 



Honorary Societies 115 

Sigma Xi 

The Society of the Sigma Xi, as it is known officially, was 
founded at Cornell University in November, 1886, by a few 
earnest workers in the Engineering Sciences. Owing to an 
unfortunate laxity in keeping early records, the exact date of 
organization is not known. 

The aim of the society, as indicated in the motto, Spoudon 
Xunones, Companions in Zealous Research, is to encourage 
original investigation in science, pure and applied, and to 
secure for scientific studies a place of honor among the humani- 
ties of a liberal culture. 

Chapters may be established at any institution offering 
courses of study in those subjects that it is the object of the 
society to promote, provided that these courses are substan- 
tially equivalent to the usual four years' college course. The 
active membership is composed of resident professors, instruc- 
tors, graduate students and seniors. The last may never be 
more than one-fifth of the class. No distinction on account of 
sex has ever been made. 

Provision has also been made for alumni chapters, which 
may be established anywhere upon the application of five 
members of collegiate chapters. Alumni chapters have the 
right of suffrage at the convention and may elect to member- 
ship graduates of other institutions of learning at which the 
society has no chapters. 

Phi Kappa Phi 

Phi Kappa Phi was founded at the University of Maine, 
July 14, 1897. The motto means ''The Love of Learning 



( 



116 Honorary Societies 

Rules the World" and the aim of the incorporators was '^to 
provide a Fraternity, dedicated to the Unity and Democracy 
of Education and open to honor ^aduates of all departments 
of American Universities and Colleges.'' All candidates for 
a baccalaureate or higher degree, without distinction as to sex, 
are eligible to membership in their senior year, provided their 
scholarship entitles them to rank in the first third of the class. 
All applications for charters must be made to the Board 
of Regents, which is a sort of executive committee composed 
of the president general, the secretary general and three 
others. These five men have the power to investigate all ap- 
plications and to make all charter grants. Active chapters 
may be established at universities and colleges ^^of good stand- 
ing. ' ' Alumni chapters have as many votes in the convention 
as the active chapters, but have never received the right to 
elect new members to the fraternity. 

Alpha Omega Alpha 

Alpha Omega Alpha was founded at the Medical School 
of the University of Illinois, August 25, 1902. Chapters are 
limited to medical schools of the highest standing, and the 
membership may at no time exceed one-sixth of the graduating 
class. The constitution empowered the fraternity from the 
first to admit women. ^^To be worthy to serve the suffering" 
is the motto of the society. 



Honorary Societies 117 

Phi Beta Kappa 

December 5, 1776 
Officers 
President, Edwin A. Grosvenor, LL.D., Amherst, Mass. 
Vice-President, Edward A. Birge, LL.D., Madison, Wis. 
Secretary, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, D.D., 350 East 146th St., 
New York, N. Y. 

Chapter RoUt 

Allegheny, Amherst, Bates, Beloit, Boston, Bowdoin, 
Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Cincinnati, Carleton, 
Colby, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, 
Dartmouth, Denison, De Pauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Mar- 
shall, Georgia, Goucher, Grinnell,* Hamilton, Harvard, Haver- 
ford, Hobart, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, 
Kenyon, Knox, Lafayette, Lawrence, Lehigh, Marietta, Miami, 
Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Ne- 
braska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northwest- 
ern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, 
Pomona, Princeton, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon Woman's Col- 
lege, Rochester, Rutgers, Smith, Stanford, St. Lawrence, 
Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vander- 
bilt, Vassar, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Wash- 
ington State, Washington and Lee, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Wes- 
tern Reserve, West Virginia, William and Mary, Williams, 
Wisconsin, Yale. 

The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing on one 
side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek letters of the 

t Cf. Addenda. 

* The corporate name is Iowa College. 



118 Honorary Societies 

society's name. Early in the Northern history of the order 
the familiar watch key pattern of the present day came into 
use. There were many styles and for years much latitude 
was allowed, but since 1910 there has been a standard badge. 
On one side are the Greek letters, which stand for the words 
Fhilosophia Biou Kubernetes, Philosophy the Guide of Life, 
and a hand pointing to three stars, symbolic of the society's 
lofty aspirations. The reverse bears the date of founding, 
the owner's name, college and class, and the letters S. P., 
which mean Societas Philosophica. 

Original Colors — Green and Pink. 

Never formally adopted by the United Chapters. 

Magazine — The Phi Beta Kappa Key — 1910. 
Next Convention — Undecided, September, 1919. 

Sigma Xi 

November, 1886 
Officers 

President, Julius Stieglitz, University of Chicago. 
Secretary, Henry B. "Ward, Ph.D., University of Illinois. 
Treasurer, George B. Pegram, Ph.D., Columbia University. 

Chapter Eoll 

Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, 
Cornell^ District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio 
State, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Syracuse, 



Honorary Societies 119 

Texas, Union, Washington, Washington State, Wisconsin, 
Worcester, Yale. 

The badge is a gold key bearing a monogram of the Sigma 
and Xi in black enamel. The seal is a laurel wreath sur- 
rounding ten stars and a lamp of research. 

Colors — Electric Blue and White. 

Magazine — Sigma Xi Quarterly — 1913. 

Next Convention — Undecided, December 28-30, 1918. 

Phi Kappa Phi 

July 14, 1897 

Officers 

President, Edwin E. Sparks, Ph.D., State College, Pa. 
Secretary, L. H. Pammel, M.S., Ames, Iowa. 
Registrar, James S. Stevens, M.S., LL.D., Orono, Me. 
Treasurer, C. H. Gordon, M.A., Knoxville, Teiin. 

Chapter Roll 

Alabama Polytechnic, Delaware, Florida, Georgia School 
of Technology, Iowa State College, Maine, Mass. Agricultural, 
Nebraska Wesleyan, Nevada, North Dakota College, Pennsyl- 
vania College, Rhode Island, Tennessee. 

The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin, or medal, 
is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa Phi and sur- 
rounded by the rays of the sun arranged in eight groups. The 
seal is a facsimile of the badge surrounded by a circle, above 
which is a row of stars to indicate the number of chapters, and 
below the words, ''Founded 1897." The ribbon of the frater- 



120 Honorary Societies 

nity is white bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and 
the walls of Troy. The gown is of black with the ribbon on 
the front edge of the sleeves. 

Colors — Black and White. 

Next Convention — Undecided, December, 1918. 

Alpha Omega Alpha 
August 25, 1902 
Officers 
President, Winfield S. Hall, M.D., LL.D., Northwestern Uni- 
versity Medical School, Chicago. 
Vice-President, Walter B. Cannon, A.M., M.D., Harvard Medi- 
cal School, Boston. 
Secretary-Treasurer, William W. Eoot, B.S., M.D., Slater, 
N. Y. 

Chapter Roll 

California, Chicago, Cincinnati, Columbia, Cornell, Har- 
vard, Illinois^ Indiana, Jefferson, Johns Hopkins, McGill, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, 
Pittsburgh, Syracuse, Toronto, Tulane, Washington, Western 
Reserve. 

The badge is a watch key bearing the society's letters and 
the year of founding. 

Next Convention — ^With American Medical Association. 



Honorary Associations 121 

THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNAE 

November, 1881 
General Ofificers 

President, Mrs. Lois Kimball Mathews, University of Wiscon- 
sin, Madison, Wis. 
Vice-President, Mrs. John H. Huddleston, 245 West 78th, 

N. Y. C. 
Executive Secretary, Mrs. Gertrude S. Martin, 934 Stewart 

Ave., Ithaca, N. Y- 
Treasurer, Mrs. Katharine P. Pomeroy, 938 Glengyle PL, Chi- 
cago. 

Roll 
Barnard, Beloit, Boston, Brown, Bryn Mawr, California, 
Carleton, Chicago, Cincinnati, Clark,^ Colorado College, Colo- 
rado, CoUimMa, Cornell, De Pauw, Drake, Earlham, Elmira, 
Goucher, Grinnell, Illinois, Indiana. Iowa, Johns Hopkins, 
Kansas, Knox, Lake Forest, Lawrence, Mass. Inst. Tech., 
McOill, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Nebraska, 
North Dakota, Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- 
leyan, Pennsylvania, Pomona, Purdue, Radcliffe, Rochester, 
Smith, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Trinity, Toronto, 
Vassar, Washington, Washington State, Wellesley, Wells, 
Western Reserve, Wisconsin, Yale, 

Branches 
Albany, Ann Arbor, Appleton, Beloit, Binghamton, 
Bloomington, 111., Bloomington, Ind., Boise, Boston, Buffalo, 

* Only those women are eligible in italicized universities who hold advanced, 
nonprofessional degrees. 



122 Honorary Associations 

Butte, Canon City, Chanute, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, 
Colorado Springs, Columbia, Columbus, Denver, Des Moines, 
Detroit, Duluth, El Paso, Emporia, Eugene, Fall River, Fres- 
no, Great Falls, Greenwich, Honolulu, Huntington, Indian- 
apolis, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Lafayette, Lansing, Laramie, 
Lawrence, Lincoln, Los Angeles, Madison, Manila, Milwaukee, 
Minneapolis, Missoula, New Haven, New York, Northfield, 
North Yakima, Oberlin, Omaha, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, 
Portland, Ore., Providence, Rochester, Rock Island, San Ber- 
nardino, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, Sioux City, Spo- 
kane, Springfield, 111., Springfield, Mo., Springfield, Ohio, St. 
Louis, St. Paul, Superior, Syracuse, Tacoma, Toledo, Urbana, 
Utica, Washington. 

Biennial Meeting — Undecided, 1919. 



I 



Honorary Associations 123 



SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN 

July, 1903 
Officers 

President, Elizabeth A. Colton, Meredith College, Raleigh, 

N. C. 
Secretary, Mary Leal Harkness, Newcomb College, New Or- 
leans, La. 
Treasurer, Lucy Bartholomew, Westhampton College, Rich- 
mond, Va. 

Roll 
Agnes Scott, Alabama, Allegheny, Barnard, Bates, Baylor, 
Beloit, Boston, Brown, Bryn Mawr, Bucknell, California, 
Carleton, Chattanooga, Chicago, Cincinnati, Clarh,^ Coe, Col- 
by, Colorado College, Colorado, Colximbia, Converse, Cornell 
College, Cornell, Denison, De Pauw, Dickinson, Doane, Drake, 
Drury, Earlham, Elmira, Fargo, Franklin, George Washing- 
ton, Georgia, Goucher, Grinnell, Hobart, Hunter, Illinois, 
Illinois Woman's, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Johns 
Hopkins, Kansas, Kentucky, Knox, Lake Forest, Lawrence, 
Louisiana, Louisville, Maine, McGill, Marietta, Mass. Inst. 
Technology, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Millikin, 
Mills, Millsaps, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, 
Nebraska, Newcomb, New^ York, North Carolina, North Dakota, 
Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Park, 
Parsons, Peabody, Pennsylvania^ Pittsburgh, Pomona, Purdue, 

* Cf. p. 121. 



124 Honorary Associations 

Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, Reed, Rice, Richmond, Ripon, 
Rochester, Rockford, Smith, South Dakota, Southern, South- 
western, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Stanford, Syracuse, Ten- 
nessee, Texas, Toronto, Transylvania, Trinity, N. C, Trinity, 
D. C, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Vermont, 
Washington, "Washington State, Wellesley, Wells, Wesleyan, 
Western, Western Reserve, Westhampton, West Virginia, Wil- 
liam Smith, Wisconsin, Wooster, Yale, 

Branches 
Asheville, Altanta, Baltimore, Baton Rouge, Birmingham, 
Charlotte, N. C, Chattahooches, Columbus, Miss., Durham, 
Fort Worth, Georgia, Greensboro, Greenville, Jackson, Knox- 
ville, Lexington, Macon, Mobile, Montevallo, Montgomery, 
Murfreesboro, Nashville, Natchitoches, New Orleans, Raleigh, 
Richmond, Rock Hill, San Antonio, Tampa, Winston-Salem. 
Biennial Meeting — Undecided, 1919. 



Honorary Assoclitions 125 



THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION 

March 10, 1906 

Officers 
President, Henry Smith Pritchett. 
Secretary, Clyde Furst. 
Treasurer, Robert A. Franks. 

Headquarters, 576 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. 

RoU 
Amherst, Bates, Beloit, Bowdoin, Brooklyn Polytechnic, 
California, Carleton, Case, Central, Cincinnati, Clark, Clark- 
son, Coe, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dalhousie, 
Dartmouth, Dickinson, Drake, Drury, Franklin, Grinnell, 
Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Indiana, Johns Hopkins, Knox, 
Lawrence, Lehigh, McGill, Marietta, Massachusetts Institute 
Technology, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. 
Holyoke, New York, Oberlin, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, 
Princeton, Purdue, Radcliffe, Rensselaer, Ripon, Rochester, 
Rose, Smith, Stanford, Stevens, Swarthmore, Toronto, Trinity, 
Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vassar, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, 
Washington and Jefferson, Washington, Wellesley, Wells, 
Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin, Worcester, 
Yale. 



126 Statistical Data 



STATISTICAL DATA 

There are in the United States 439 colleges open to women. 
They are of four types, the affiliated, the coeducational, the 
coordinate, and the independent college for women. The 
first and third kinds are rare, there being only seven affiliated 
and four coordinate colleges. They are invariably of high 
grade, all but one being on the roll of Phi Beta Kappa. Both 
the coeducational colleges and those for women only are 
numerous, there being 332 of the former and 96 of the latter. 
Broadly speaking, the coeducational college is a standard 
one, but the same thing is not true of the independent college 
for women, for though some of this type are the equal of the 
best universities in the country, many are little more than 
seminaries, or at most do only one or two years of college 
work. Each year, however, there is marked improvement. 
The public is demanding uniformity. 

In the following pages each college is placed under one 
of the four heads already mentioned. Enrolment on the As- 
sociation of the Collegiate Alumnae, the Carnegie Foundation 
and Phi Beta Kappa is indicated by appropriate abbrevia- 
tions. Such enrolment always stamps an institution as of 
special excellence, but since a place on the Carnegie Founda- 
tion is granted to nonsectarian colleges only, the absence of 
the letter ^ ^ C " in the case of denominational institutions does 
not indicate inferiority. 



Statistical Data 127 

Affiliated Colleges 

The word affiliated is used to designate such colleges for 
women as are under the supervision or tutelage of the adminis- 
tration of a college for men. The woman's college may, or 
may not, have an individual name, but in every case the 
separation is complete, i. e., the men and women do not meet 
in the classroom. 

Affiliated colleges are not numerous, but, few as they are, 
they show many marked differences in the methods employed 
in furnishing the instruction to the women students. In the 
case of Radcliffe, opened in 1879, by a corporation under the 
name of ''The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of 
Women,'' but popularly known as ''Harvard Annex" until its 
incorporation as a college for women in 1894, the instruction 
is given by members of the Harvard faculty. Though most 
of its courses are identical with courses in Harvard and all are 
of the same grade as those given by the university, yet many 
listed in the different departments of the College of Arts and 
Sciences are not open to students at Radcliffe. Newcomb Col- 
lege was opened in 1886 and is affiliated with Tulane Univer- 
sity, but it is located in a different section of New Orleans and 
has a faculty of its own. The recent Phi Beta Kappa charter 
grant to Tulane has been interpreted as including Newcomb. 
At Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorporated as an under- 
graduate woman's college of Columbia, the courses are given 
by professors appointed by the trustees of the University. 
Barnard graduates receive their degrees from Columbia and 
may take up postgraduate work at the university under the 



128 Statistical Data 

same conditions as men. Brown University admitted women 
informally to certain privileges as early as 1892 and estab- 
lished the Woman's College as a regular department in 1897. 
Western Reserve University became coeducational in 1872, 
but made a change in policy in 1888. As long as coeducation 
existed the women were eligible to Phi Beta Kappa. In 1906 
at the suggestion of the fraternity's senate, a special Woman's 
Section of the Western Reserve chapter was formed and 
arrangements made to include past graduates of the Woman's 
College. Tufts College is the most recent convert, having 
established Jackson College for Women in 1910 after eighteen 
years of coeducation. In the case of William Smith College, 
which was opened in 1908 and which is affiliated with Hobart, 
a famous college for men dating back to 1822, the compelling 
cause was a legacy left for the express purpose of educating 
women. 

As affiliated colleges are not numerous and as all are of 
unusual excellence, statistics are given for the entire seven, 
even where the sorority idea is not tolerated. Brown had 
sororities for fifteen years, but abolished them in 1912. 
There have never been any at Radcliffe, but this is due to 
local conditions rather than to any definite policy of oppo- 
sition on the part of the administration. In the case of the 
Woman's College of Western Reserve the authorities feel that 
the local societies are best for the women students, though 
fraternities are countenanced among the men. The trustees 
of William Smith are at present opposed to the formation of 
even local societies. Recent action on the part of the Barnard 



Statistical Data 129 

faculty caused sororities there to die a natural death after a 
quarter century of existence. Newcomb has had sophomore 
pledging for a number of years under faculty rule. Jackson 
authorities are favorable to sororities. 

Barnard College 

New York, N. Y. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1889; Valuation $2,869,843; En- 
dowment $1,290,190; Faculty 72, Men 47, Women 25; Stu- 
dents 794; Tuition $150; Expenses $600; Degree, A.B. 
A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 
Motto — Eepomene To Logismo. Colors — Pale Blue and White. 

Brown University 
Providence, R. I. 
Baptist; Opened 1764; Women admitted 1892; Women's 
College created 1897; Valuation $2,125,000; Endowment 
$2,500,000; Faculty 83, Men 81, Women 2; Students 994, Men 
814, Women 200; Tuition $105; Expenses $400; Degrees, 
A.B., Ph.B., B.S., M.S., A.M., Ph.D. A. C. A., ^ B K. 

Motto — Deo Speramus. Colors — Brown and White. 

Newcomb College 

New Orleans, La. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1887 ; Valuation $700,000 ; Endow- 
ment $3,100,000; Faculty 52, Men 19, Women 33; Students 
412; Tuition $250; Expenses $225; Degrees, A.B., B.Mus. 
^ B K. 



130 Statistical Data 

Motto — None, Colors — Light Blue and Bronze. 

Sororities— 1891, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1900, CM 
Omega; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Phi Mu; 1907, Alpha 
Delta Pi; 1914, Kappa Alpha Theta.* 

Radcliffe College 
Cambridge, Mass. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1879 ; Valuation $900,000 ; Endow- 
ment $900,000; Faculty 136, Men 136, Women 0; Students 
584; Tuition $200; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D. 
A. C. A., C, $ B K. 
Motto — None. Colors — Crimson and White. 

Tufts College 

Tufts College, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1892; Wo- 
man's College! created 1910; Valuation $2,725,000; Endow- 
ment $1,600,000; Faculty 254, Men 250, Women 4; Students 
1142, Men 1022, Women 120; Tuition $125; Expenses $400; 
Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., B.D., M.D., D.M.D. 
C, ^ B K. 
Motto — Pax Et Lux. Colors — Brown and Blue. 

Sororities— 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1910, 
Chi Omega; 1913, Sigma Kappa; 1909, Zeta Phi (Med.). 

Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, Ohio 
Nonsectarian; Opened 1826; Women admitted 1872; Wo- 
men's College created 1888; Valuation $1,672,585; Endow- 

* Phi Mu Gamma, 1910-14. 
t Jackson College. 



Statistical Data 131 

ment $2,918,686; Faculty 226, Men 202, Women 24; Students 
1404, Men 983, Women 421; Tuition $125; Expenses $400; 
Degrees, A.B., A.M. A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Colors — Gold and White. 

Delta Phi Upsilon was founded in 1893. The total membership 
is 86. Its founders intended that only students of Greek should be 
admitted, but this policy has been changed within the last few years. 
The badge is of dark blue enamel, fancifully shaped, outlined with gold 
scroll work and bearing the Greek letters in gold. The pledge pin is 
a circle of gold with a bar across the center. On the upper half of the 
circle are the words Delta Phi Upsilon, engraved in Greek characters. 
The colors are dark blue and gold, the flower, the pansy. 

Gamma Delta Tau w^as founded in 1896. The total membership 
is 78. The badge is a shield with eight concave sides outlined with a 
row of pearls. An inner shield of black enamel with four concave sides 
bears the three Greek letters in gold. The colors are green and gold, the 
flower, the daffodil. The pledge pin is of black enamel, identical in shape 
and size with the inner portion of the badge. 

Phi Kappa Zeta was founded in 1896. The total membership is 90. 
The badge is a five-pointed star set with pearls along the edges. An inner 
raised star of black enamel bears the gold letters Phi Kappa Zeta. The 
colors are black and gold, the flower, the daffodil. 

Sigma Psi was founded in 1899. The total membership is 78. The 
badge is a shield with three concave sides, the edges outlined with pearls 
and the corners emphasized with emeralds. An inner raised portion of 
black enamel bears the Greek letters of the society's name, the Sigma 
being placed above the Psi. The pledge pin is a monogram of the two 
letters, the Sigma being of gold and the Psi of green enamel. The colors 
are green and gold, the flower, the daffodil. The flag is a pennant with 
gold letters on a green background. The open motto is ' ' Ever faithful. ' ' 



132 Statistical Data 

William Smith College 

Geneva, N. Y. 
Nonseetarian ; Affiliated with Hobart College; Valuation 
$130,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 24, Men 21, Women 
3 ; Students 60 ; Tuition $100 ; Expenses $350 ; Degrees, B.A., 
B.S., M.A., M.S. C, ^ B K. 

Motto — Bios Psyche. Color — Green, 

Coeducational Colleges 

With the exception of Oberlin College and Bates College ■ 
which are opposed to fraternity life in any form, and Ohioi 
Wesleyan University and Colorado College, which admit fra- 
ternities but frown upon local societies among women, there 
are practically no prominent coeducational colleges closed to 
sororities. The seventy-seven institutions in the following 
list, to be sure, make up only one-fourth of the entire number 
of coeducational colleges mentioned by the United States 
Commissioner of Education, but of the other three-fourths 
many are so far from attaining the standards set by the best 
colleges that the sororities are not ready to recognize them. 
Others that are of high grade have such a limited enrolment 
of women that sorority chapters seem unfeasible. 

Adrian College 
Adrian, Mich. 
Methodist Protestant; Opened 1859; Women admitted! 
1859; Valuation $250,000;^ Endowment $100,000; Faculty 24, 

* Grounds, Buildings, Apparatus. 



Statistical Data 133 

Men 15, Women 9; Students 195, Men 105, Women 90; 
Tuition $35; Expenses $200 ;t Degrees, B.A., B.S., Ph.B., 
B.M., M.A., M.S. 

Motto — Let the truth shine. Colors — Canary and Black 

Sororities — 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Delta Delta Delta. 

Akron University^ 

Akron, Ohio 

Universalist ; Opened 1872 ; Women admitted 1872 ; Valua- 
tion $300,000; Endowment $210,000; Faculty 20, Men 17, 
Women 3; Students 175, Men 101, Women 75; Tuition $75; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S. 

Motto — Let there te light. Colors — Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities — 1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta Gamma; 
1912, Phi Mu. 

University of Alabama 

University, Ala. 

State; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$750,000 ; Endowment $2,000,000 ; Faculty 79 ; Students 659, 
Men 594, Women 65 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses $200 ; Degrees, 
A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., C.E., E.E., M.E., M.D., LL.B. 

Motto — None. Colors — Crimson and White. 

Sororities— 1904, Kappa Delta; 1910, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1914, Delta 
Delta Delta. 

t Average annual cost to students in addition to tuition. 
% Buchtel College, 1872-1913. 



134 Statistical Data 

Albion College 
Albion, Mich. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened as Seminary 1843; as col- 
lege 1861; Women admitted 1843; Valuation $250,000; En- 
dowment $352,000 ; Faculty 28, Men 19, Women 9 ; Students 
512, Men 275, Women 237; Tuition $40; Expenses $250; De- ' 
gree, B.A. 
Motto — Lux Fiat. Colors — PinTc and Green, 

Sororities — 1883, Delta Gamma; 1887, Alpha Chi Omega; 1915, 
Alpha Xi Delta. 

Allegheny College 

Meadville, Pa. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1815; Women admitted 
1872; Valuation $750,000; Endowment $1,025,000; Faculty 
23, Men 20, Women 3 ; Students 406, Men 245, Women 161 ; 
Tuition $75 ; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. 
<!> B K. 
Motto — None. Colors — Navy Blue and Gold, 

Sororities — 1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1891, Alpha Chi Omega; 1912, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

University of Arkansas 
Payetteville, Ark. 
State; Opened 1871; Women admitted in 1871; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 80, Men 72, Wo- 
men 8; Students 630, Men 375, Women 255; Tuition Free;; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., C.E., M.S., M.A., M.E.,. 
E.E., B.Mus., Ch.E. 



Statistical Data 135 

Motto — None, Color — Cardinal, 

Sororities— 1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha ; 1909, Pi Beta 
Phi; 1913, Delta Delta Delta. 

Baker University 
Baldwin, Kan. 
Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1858; Women admitted 
1858 ; Valuation $394,958 ; Endowment $264,981 ; Faculty 35, 
Men 23, Women 12; Students 512, Men 245, Women 267; 
Tuition $48; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., A.M. 
Motto — Let him he first a man. Color — Cadmium, 

Sororities — 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1908, Alpha Chi Omega; 
1912, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1916, Phi Mu. 

Bethany College 
Bethany, W. Va. 
Christian; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1881; Valua- 
tion $400,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 29, Men 21, 
Women 8; Students 387, Men 257, Women 130; Tuition $36; 
Expenses $160; Degrees, A.B., A.M., B.S., B.L. 
Motto — None, Colors — White and Green, 

Sororities— 1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

Boston University 

Boston, Mass. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1873; Women admitted 

1873 ; Valuation $1,113,000 ; Endowment $1,235,000 ; Faculty 

148, Men 140, Women 8 ; Students 1781, Men 1180, Women 

601 ; Tuition $130 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A.B., S.B., S.T.B., 



136 Statistical Data 

S.T.D., LL.B., J.B., LL.M., J.M., J.D., LL.D., M.D., M.B, 
Ch.B., A.M., Ph.D. A. C. A., ^ B K. 

Motto — None, Colors — Scarlet and White. 

Sororities — 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha Phi; 1887, 
Gamma Phi Beta ; 1888, Delta Delta Delta ; 1896, Pi Beta Phi ; 1904, 
Sigma Kappa; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1913, Alpha 
Gamma Delta. 

Butler College 
Indianapolis, Ind. 
Christian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valua- 
tion $300,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 17, Men 14, 
Women 3 ; Students 612, Men 292, Women 320 ; Tuition $75 ; 
Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., A.M. 

Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White. 

Sororities — 1874, Kappa Alpha Theta;t 1878, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1914, Delta Delta Delta. 

University of California 

Berkeley, Cal. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation 
$9,021,673; Endowment $4,353,574; Faculty 487, Men 447, 
Women 40; Students 5083, Men 3081, Women 2002; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.L., B.S., M.A., M.S., 
M.L., Ph.D., M.C.E., M.E., Mech.E., M.D., LL.B., D.D.S., 
Pharm.B., Ph.C. A. C. A., ^ B K. 

Motto — Let there he light. Colors — Blue and Gold. 

Sororities — 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma;* 1890, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1894, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi; 

* Inactive 1885-97. 
t Inactive 1886-1906. 



Statistical Data 137 

1901, Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta 
Gamma; 1909, Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Xi Delta; 1910, Sigma Kappa; 
1913, Alpha Delta Pi; 1915, Alpha Gamma Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha, 
Delta Zeta; 1916, Phi Mu; 1917, Kappa Delta; 1905, Alpha Epsilon 
Iota (Med.). 

Cincinnati University 
Cincinnati, Ohio 

City; Opened 1819; Women admitted 1874; Valuation 
$3,357,308; Endowment $951,936; Faculty 150, Men 130, 
"Women 20; Students 1906, Men 1069, Women 837, Tuition 
Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. 
A. C. A., C, ^ B K 
Motto — Alt a Petit. Colors — Scarlet and Black, 

Sororities — 1885, Kappa Kappa Gamma ;^ 1892, Delta Delta Delta; 
1913, Kappa Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Chi Omega; 1916, Delta Zeta. 

Coe College 

Cedar liapids, Iowa 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1881 ; Women admitted 1881 ; Valua- 
tion $750,000; Endowment $1,200,000; Faculty 34, Men 20, 
Women 14; Students 478, Men 175, Women 303; Tuition $52; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S. C. 

Motto — Veritas Virtusque. Colors — Crimson and Gold, 

Sororities— 1911, Kappa Delta; 1912, Delta Delta Delta; 1914, 
Chi Omega; 1917, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

Colorado Agricultural College 
Fort Collins, Colo. 
State; Opened 1876; Women admitted 1876; Valuation 
$640,000; Faculty 63, Men 49, Women 14; Students 870, Men 

* Inactive 1885-1914. 



138 Statistical Data 

426, Women 244; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.S., 
D, V. M. 

Motto — Service. Colors — Green, and Gold. 

Sororities — 1915, Gamma Phi Beta; 1916, Kappa Delta; 1917, 
Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta. 



University of Colorado 

Boulder, Colo. 

State ; Opened 1877 ; Women admitted 1877 ; Valuation 
$1,300,000; Endowment None ; Faculty 200, Men 174, Women 
26; Students 1200, Men 800, Women 400; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E., 
E.E., M.E., M.D., LL.B., B.Pliarm. ^ B K. 

Motto — Let your light shine. Colors — Silver and Gold. 

Sororities— 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1901, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1006, Chi Omega ; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega ; 1910, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1914, Alpha Delta Pi. 

Cornell University 

Ithaca, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; 
Valuation $8,000,000 ; Endowment $15,000,000 ; Faculty 700, 
Men 685 ; Women 15 ; Students 5194, Men 4769, Women 425 ; 
Tuition $100; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., 
LL.B., M.D., D.V.M., C.E., M.E, M.C.E., M.M.E., B.S. in 
Arch., M.S. in Arch., B.S. in Agr., M.S. in Agr. 
A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 



Statistical Data 139 

Motto — None. Colors — Carnelian and White. 

Sororities — 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1885, Delta Gamma; 1889, Alpha Phi; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1909, 
Delta Zeta; 1913, Delta Delta Delta; 1917, Kappa Delta. 

University of Denver 
University Park, Colo. 
Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1864; Women admitted 
1880; Valuation $450,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 90, 
Men 80, Women 10; Students 1214, Men 700, Women 514; 
Tuition $60; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., A.M., M.S., Ph.D. 
Motto — None. Colors — Bed and Yellow. 

Sororities— 1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta; 1908, Sigma 
Kappa; 1914, Kappa Delta. 

De Pauw University 
Greencastle, Ind. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1837; Women admitted 
1867; Valuation $800,000; Endowment $1,151,518; Faculty 
47, Men 31, Women 16 ; Students 860, Men 354, Women 506 ; 
Tuition $60 ; Expenses $300 ; Degrees, A.B., A.M., $ B K. 

Motto — Decus Lumenque Beipuhlicae Collegium. Color — Old Gold. 

Sororities — 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi; 
1908, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1909, Delta Zeta. 

Dickinson College 
Carlisle, Pa. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1783; Women admitted 1883; 
Valuation $850,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 32; Stu- 



140 Statistical Data 

dents 580, Men 483, Women 97 ; Tuition $6.25 ; Expenses $275 ; 
Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S., A.M. C, <^ B K. 

Motto — Pietate et Doctrina Tut a Libert as. Colors — Bed and White. 

Sororities— 1903, Pi Beta Phi; 1907, Chi Omega. 

Drury College 

Springfield, Mo. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1873; 
Valuation $550,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 27, Men 
22, Women 5; Students 471, Men 224, Women 247; Tuition 
$40; Expenses $150; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., S.M., C. 

Motto — Christo et Humanitati, Colors — Scarlet and Gray. 

Sororities— 1909, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1913, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta 
Delta. 

Eureka College 

Eureka, 111. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1848 ; Women admitted 1848 ; 
Valuation $250,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 23; Men 
15, Women 8; Students 286, Men 120, Women 166; Tuition 
$50; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
Motto — None. Colors — Maroon and Old Gold. 

Sororities — 1917, Delta Zeta. 

Franklin College 

Franklin, Ind. 

Baptist ; Opened 1834 ; Women admitted 1869 ; Valuation 

$264,800; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 15, Men 11, Women 

4; Students 208, Men 94, Women 114; Tuition $63; Expenses 

$175; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.B., C. 



Statistical Data 141 

Motto — Christianity and Culture. Colors — Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities— 1888, Pi Beta Phi ; 1912, Delta Delta Delta. 

George Washington University 
Washington, D. C. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1821; Women admitted 1884; 
Valuation $1,200,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 185; 
Students 1508, Men 1258, Women 250 ; Tuition $150 ; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E., E.E., M.E., 
M.D., Pharm.G., LL.B. 
Motto — Deus Nobis Fiducia. Colors — Continental Buff and Blue. 

Sororities— 1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Sigma 
Kappa; 1915, Phi Mu. 

Hanover College 
Hanover, Ind. 
Presbyterian ; Opened 1827 ; Women admitted 1827 ; Valua- 
tion $200,000; Endowment $250,000; Faculty 18, Men 14, 
Women 4; Students 200, Men 100, Women 100; Tuition $40; 
Expenses $250; Degree, A.B. 

Motto — Philosophia Fietati Ancillans. Colors — Bed and Blue. 

Sororities— 1913, Phi Mu, AJpha Delta Pi. 

Hillsdale College 

Hillsdale, Mich. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; 

Valuation $175,732; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 24, Men 

16, Women 7 ; Students 476, Men 200, Women 276 ; Tuition 

$35; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., A.M., B.Pd. 



142 Statistical Data 

Motto — Virtus Tentamine Gaudet. Colors — Ultramarine Blue 

Sororities — 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta Phi. 

University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 
State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
$779,100 ; Endowment $4,290,000 ; Faculty 66, Men 56, Womem 
10; Students 568, Men 354, Women 214; Tuition Free; Ex; 
penses $200; Degrees, B.A., B.S., LL.B., M.A., M.S. 
Motto — Esto Perpetua. Colors — Gold and White: 

Sororities — 1910, Gamma Phi Beta; 1911, Delta Gamma; 1915 
Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

University of Illinois 
Urbana, 111. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$5,000,000; Endowment $647,000; Faculty 465, Men 417. 
Women 48 ; Students 5072, Men 4051, Women 1021 ; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $400 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., B.L.S., LL.B., 
Ph.G., M.S., Ph.D., J.D., M.D., M.E., C.E., E.E., M.Arch. 
A. C. A, ^ B K. 
Motto — Learning and Labor. Colors — Orange and Blue 

Sororities— 1895, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1899 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900, Chi Omega; 
1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Delta Gamma; 1911. 
Alpha Omicron Pi; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi; 1913, Gamma Phi Beta; 
1898, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.), Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). 



Statistical Data 143 

Illinois Wesleyan University 

Bloomington, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted 
1877 ; Valuation $207,500 ; Endowment $800,000 ; Faculty 45, 
Men 30, Women 15; Students 616, Men 289, Women 327; 
Tuition $57; Expenses $275; De^ees, A.B., B.S., A.M., LL.B. 
Motto — Scientia et Sapientia, Colors — Green and White, 

Sororities — 1873, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 
1908, Kappa Delta; 1914, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

University of Indiana 

Bloomington, Ind. 

State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valuation 
$1,500,000 ; Endowment $700,000 ; Faculty 90, Men 77, Women 
13; Students 2564, Men 1593, Women 971; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $250 ; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., M.D. 
C, ^ B K. 
Motto — Lux Et Veritas. Colors — Cream and Crimson. 

Sororities — 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1872, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma; 1909, Delta Zeta; 1916, Alpha 
Omicron Pi; 1917, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). 

Iowa State College 

Ames, Iowa 
State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation 
$4,000,000; Endowment $686,778; Faculty 264, Men 204, 
Women 60; Students 2839, Men 2419, Women 420; Tuition 



144 Statistical Data 

Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.S., C.E., M.E., D.V.M,, 
M.S.A., M.S., M.A.E. 
Motto — Science with Practice. Colors — Cardinal and Gold 

Sororities— 1877, Pi Beta Phi,^ 1889, Delta Delta Delta ;t 1908: 
Kappa Delta; 1911, Alpha Delta Pi; 1917, Alpha Gamma Delta. 



\ 



University of Iowa 
Iowa City, Iowa 

State; Opened 1847; Women admitted 1847; Valuatioui 
$3,500,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 191, Men 170 
Women 21; Students 2253, Men 1415, Women 838; Tuition 
$20; Expenses $200; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D. 
LL.B., M.D., D.D.S., Ph.G., Ph.C. A. C. A., ^ B K 

Motto — None. Color — Old Gold. 

Sororities— 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta Phi; 1887. 
Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Alpha Chi Omega; 
1912, Alpha Xi Delta; 1913, Delta Zeta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi, Gamma 
Phi Beta. 

Iowa Wesleyan College 

Mt. Pleasant, Iowa 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1844; Women admitted 
1844; Valuation $250,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 28, 
Men 16, Women 12; Students 400, Men 210, Women 190; 
Tuition $45; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.S., Ph.B., 
Litt.B. 
Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White.' 

Sororities— 1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. 

* Inactive 1891-1906. 
t Inactive 1891-1912. 



I 



Statistical Data 145 

Kansas State College 
Manhattan, Kan. 

State; Opened 1863; Women admitted 1863; Valuation 
$2,000,000 ; Income $1,000,000 ; Faculty 215, Men 165, Women 
50 ; Students 3340, Men 2018, Women 1322 ; Tuition Free ; Ex- 
penses $250; Degree, A.B., B.S., M.S., D.V.M. 
Motto — None. Color — Boyal Purple. 

Sororities — 1915, Delta Zeta, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha 
Delta Pi, Chi Omega; 1916, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

University of Kansas 
Lawrence, Kan. 

State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valuation 
$2,500,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 169, Men 136, 
Women 33; Students 2523, Men 1605, Women 918; Tuition 
$10; Expenses $260; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.S., M.A., Ph.D., 
LL.B., C.E., E.E., M.E., Ph.C, Mus.B. 
A. C. A., ^ B K. 
Motto — None. Colors — Harvard Crimson and Yale Blue. 

Sororities— 1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1902, Chi Omega; 1912, Alpha Delta Pi; 
1913, Sigma Kappa; 1914, Alpha Chi Omega; 1915, Gamma Phi Beta, 
Alpha Xi Delta; 1910, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). 

University of Kentucky 
Lexington, Ky. 
State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1880; Valuation 
$1,000,000 ; Endowment $300,000 ; Faculty 98, Men 90, Women 



146 Statistical Data 

8 ; Students 468, Men 398, Women 70 ; Tuition Free ; Degrees,^] 
B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.B., M.E., E.E. 

Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White,. \ 

Sororities — 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Xi Delta; 1910,, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Delta; 1914, Chi Omega. 



I 



Kjlox College 
Galesburg, 111. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1845;; 
Valuation $593,101; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 32, Mem 
21, Women 11 ; Students 584, Men 189, Women 395 ; Tuition 
$60; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. 
A. C. A., C. ^ B K. 
Motto — None. Colors — Purple and Old Gold. 

Sororities— 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, 
Phi Mu. 

Lawrence College 
Appleton, Wis. 

Interdenominational ; Opened as seminary 1847 ; Chartered 
as a college 1849 ; Women admitted 1849 ; Valuation $800,000 ; 
Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 40, Men 25, Women 15, Stu- 
dents 426, Men 237, Women 189 ; Tuition $50 ; Expenses $250 ; 
Degree, A. B. A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Colors — Yale Blue and White. 

Sororities — 1908, Alpha Delta Pi; 1915, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta 
Gamma; 1912, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). 



Statistical Data 147 

Lombard College 

Galesburg, 111. 
Universalist ; Opened 1851 ; Women admitted 1851 ; Valua- 
tion $225,000; Endo^\aTLent $275,000; Faculty 16, Men 10, 
"Women 6; Students 148, Men 62, Women 86; Tuition $60; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. 

Motto — Scholarship, Culture, Practical Efficiency. 

Colors — Gold and Olive, 

Sororities — 1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Alpha Xi Delta; 1915, Delta 
Zeta. 

University of Louisiana 
Baton Rouge, La. 
State; Opened I860; Women admitted 1903; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 67, Men 59, 
Women 8; Students 1294, Men 913, Women 381; Tuition 
Free; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., C.E., E.E., M.E. 
Motto — None. Colors — Old Gold and Purple. 

Sororities— 1908, Kappa Delta; 1914, Alpha Delta Pi. 

University of Maine 
Orono, Me. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valuation 
$810,828; Endowment $218,300; Faculty 107, Men 102, 
Women 5; Students 1011, Men 929, Women 82; Tuition $60; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., LL.B., Ph.C, M.A., 
M.S., LL.M., C.E., M.E., E.E. ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Color — Light Blue. 

Sororities— 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1912, Phi Mu; 1917, Delta 

Delta Delta. 



148 Statistical Data 

Miami University 

Oxford, Ohio 

State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
$800,000; Income $270,000; Faculty 45, Men 38, Women 7; 
Students 568, Men 244, Women 324; Tuition $30; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, A.B., A.M. <^ B K. 

Motto — Prodesse Quam Conspici, Colors — Bed and White. 

Sororities— 1902, Delta Zeta;* 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 1912, Chi 
Omega;! 1912, Sigma Sigma Sigma (Ped.); 1914, Alpha Sigma Alpha 
(Ped.) 

University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 

State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$8,000,000; Income $1,180,000; Faculty 462, Men 442, Women 
20; Students 5900, Men 4800, Women 1100; Tuition $39; 
Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., Sc.D., Ph.D. 
A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 
Motto — ArteSy Scientia, Veritas. Colors — Maize and Blue. 

Sororities — 1879, Kappa Alpha Theta;t 1882, Gamma Phi Beta; 
1885, Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1892, Alpha Phi; 1894, Delta Delta Delta; J 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 
1905, Chi Omega; 1890, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) ; 1903 Sigma Alpha 
Iota (Mus.) ; 1904, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.) ; 1910, Delta Omicron 
(Mus.). 

In addition to the national sororities there is a local society 
called Sorosis, established in 1886. It is non-secret, being a branch of 
New York Sorosis, which was founded in 1868. Its aims and methods, 

* Inactive 1905-1908. 

t Phi Delta Kappa 1909-1912. 

t Inactive 1886-1893. 

§ Inactive 1900-15. 



Statistical Data 149 

however, are very similar to those of its rivals. The total member- 
ship is 250, the average active membership 20, the average annual 
initiation 6. The badge is a monogram of an Old English S and 
a simple C jeweled. The pledge pin is an oval of rose gold bearing 
a C linked to the upper part of the S. The colors are yellow and white. 

Millikin University* 
Decatur, 111. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1903; Women admitted 1903; 
Valuation $600,000; Endowment $225,000; Faculty 66, Men 
33, Women 33; Students 1128, Men 306, Women 822; Tuition 
$75; Expenses $350 ; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. 
Motto — In His Plenitudo Vis. Colors — Blue and White. 

Sororities — 1912, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha; 
1913, Alpha Chi Omega. 

University of Minnesota 
Minneapolis, Minn. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$9,765,551; Endowment $1,506,136; Faculty 422^ Men 391, 
Women 31, Students 4057, Men 2470, Women 1587 ; Tuition 
$30; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., 
LL.B., C.E., E.E., M.E., Met.E., M.D., D.S., B.Pharm., 
D.C.L., LL.B., LL.M. A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Colors — Maroon and Old Gold. 

Sororities — 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma ; 1882, Delta Gamma ; 1889, 
Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, Pi Beta Phi;t 1894, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi Beta; 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, 

* The corporate name is James Millikin University, 
t Inactive 1897-1905. 



150 Statistical Data 

Alpha Gamma Delta; 1912, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1901, Alpha Epsilon 
Iota (Med.). 

University of Missouri 

Columbia, Mo. 

State ; Opened 1840 ; Women admitted 1869 ; Valuation 
$4,000,000; Endowment $1,264,839; Faculty 183, Men 168, 
Women 15; Students 3141, Men 2283, Women 858; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., 
M.D., C.E., M.E., E.E. A. C. A., ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Colors — Old Gold and Black, 

Sororities — 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta Phi; 1909, 
Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Gamma; 1910, Alpha Phi; 1913, Phi Mu, 
Chi Omega; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi, Delta Delta Delta. 

University of Montana 
Missoula, Mont. 

State; Opened 1895; Women admitted 1895; Valuation 
$350,000 ; Endowment $850,000 ; Faculty 25, Men 18, Women 
7 ; Students 184, Men 83, Women 101 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S. 
Motto — None. Colors — None. 

Sororities — 1909, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1911, 
Delta Gamma. 

Mt. Union College 

Alliance, Ohio 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1846; Women admitted 
1846 ; Valuation $600,000 ; Endowment $300,000 ; Faculty 28, 



Statistical Data 151 

Men 20, Women 8; Students 572, Men 260, Women 312; 
Tuition $54; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S. 
Motto — Sit Lux, Color — Boyal Purple. 

Sororities— 1902, Alpha Xi Delta; 1914, Delta Delta Delta.* 

University of Nebraska 
Lincoln, Neb. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$4,600,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 218, Men 142 
Women 76 ; Students 3992, Men 2236, Women 1756 ; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., 
M.D., M.F., E.E., M.E., C.E., A.E A. C. A., ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Colors — Scarlet and Cream. 

Sororities — 1884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, 
Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha 
Chi Omega; 1910, Delta Zeta; 1912, Alpha Xi Delta; 1914, Gamma 
Phi Beta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi; 1912, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.). 

University of Nevada 

Reno, Nev. 

State; Opened 1886; Women admitted 1886; Valuation 
$700,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 35, Men 29, Women 
6; Students 250, Men 150, Women 100; Tuition Free; Ex- 
penses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
Motto — None. Colors — Silver and Blue. 

Sororities— 1913, Delta Delta Delta; 1915, Pi Beta Phi. 

* Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1909-14. 



152 Statistical Data 

New Hampshire College 

Durham, N. H. 

State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1900; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 61, Men 57, 
Women 4; Students 666, Men 521, Women 145; Tuition $60; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.S. 
Motto — None. Colors — Blue and White. 

Sororities — 1914, Alpha Xi Delta; 1915, CM Omega. 

University of New Mexico 

Albuquerque, N. M. 

State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
$200,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 19, Men 12, Women 
7 ; Students 89, Men 57, Women 32 ; Tuition Free ; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, B.A., B.S., B.Ped. 
Motto — Lux Hominum Vita. Colors- — Cherry and Silver, . 

Sorority— 1911, Phi Mu. 

New York University 
New York, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1886;*' 
Valuation $5,770,000; Endowment $1,772,000; Faculty 400,, 
Men 393, Women 7; Students 5000, Men 4300, Women 700;; 
Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.C.S.,, 
M.A., M.S., Ph.D., ScD., Pd.M., Pd.D., LL.B., LL.M., J.D.,, 
M.D., D.V.S., C.E., M.E., Chem.E. C, ^ B K. 

Motto — Pestare Et Praestare. Color — Violet, 

Sorority — 1900, Alpha Omicron Pi. 

* The undergraduate college proper is not ojoen to women. 



Statistical Data 153 

University of North Dakota 

University, N. D. 

State; Opened 1884; Women admitted 1884; Valuation 
^870,000 ; Endowment $2,000,000 ; Faculty 99, Men 82, Women 
17; Students 652, Men 400, Women 252; Tuition Free; Ex- 
penses $250; Degrees, B.A., M.A., C.E., E.E., M.E. <l> B K. 
Motto — Lux et Lex. Colors — The Wild Bose (PinTc and Green), 

Sororities — 1911, Alpha Phi, Kappa xAlpha Theta; 1917, Delta 
jramma. 

Northwestern University 

Evanston, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1855 ; Women admitted 1873 ; 
Valuation $10,000,000; Endowment $4,500,000; Faculty 410, 
Men 362, Women 48 ; Students 4454, Men 2909, Women 1545 ; 
Tuition $100; Expenses $500; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., 
Ph.D. A. C. A., ^ B K. 

Motto — Qnaecumque Sunt Vera. Color — Eoyal Purple. 

Sororities — 1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, Delta Gamma, Kappa Kappa, 
Samma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, 
Mpha Chi Omega ; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1901, 
Chi Omega; 1907, Kappa Delta; 1909, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1913, Alpha 
3^amma Delta; 1904, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.) ; 1914, Mu Phi Epsilon. 

Ohio State University 
Columbus, Ohio 

State ; Opened 1873 ; "Women admitted 1873 ; Valuation 
$4,500,000; Endowment $950,338; Faculty 274, Men 236, 
Women 38; Students 3928, Men 3051, Women 877; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., C. E., 
M.E., E.M., LL.B., LL.M., D.V.M. <l> B K. 



154 Statistical Data 

Motto — None. Colors — Scarlet and Gray. 

Sororities — 1888, Kappa Kappa G-amma; 1892, Kappa Alpha 

Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta; 1911, Delta Zeta,i 

Delta Gamma ; 1912, Alpha Phi; 1913, Phi Mu; 1916, Alpha Xi Delta.i 

Ohio University 

Athens, Ohio 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valuation i 
$1,500,000 ; Endowment $200,000 ; Faculty 82, Men 46, Womeni 
36; Students 1921, Men 840, Women 1081; Tuition Free;; 
Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
Motto — Prae Omnihus Virtus. Colors — Olive Green and White. 

Sororities— 1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1911, 
Alpha Xi Delta; 1912, Chi Omega;- 1912, Sigma Sigma Sigma i 
(Ped.) ; 1917, Alpha Sigma Alpha (Ped.). 

University of Oklahoma 

Norman, Okla. 

State; Opened 1893; Women admitted 1893; Valuation! 

$700,000; Endowment $3,670,000; Faculty 112; Men 102,:. 

Women 10; Students 759, Men 489, Women 270; Tuitioni 

Free; Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., Ph.C, B.M., M.D., LL.B. 

Motto — Civi et Bepuhlicae. Colors — Crimson and Cream, 

Sororities— 1909, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1910, Delta Delta Delta, Pii 

Beta Phi; 1914, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1916, Alpha Chi Omega. 

University of Oregon 
Eugene, Ore. 

State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation! 
$1,000,000; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 102, Men 99,, 

*Pi Delta Kappa, 1907-12. 



Statistical Data 155 

Women 7; Students 1220, Men 761, "Women 459; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., C.E., 
B.E., M.D., LL.B. 

Motto — Mens Agitat Molem. Colors — Lemon Yellow and Green. 

Sororities — 1908, Gamma Phi Beta; 1909, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1910, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta 
Gamma; 1914, Alpha Phi; 1915, Pi Beta Phi; 1911, Mu Phi Epsilon 
(Mus.). 

University of Pennsylvania 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1740; Women admitted 1876;^ 
Valuation $17,900,000 ; Endowment $6,500,000 ; Faculty 553 ; 
Students 5323, Men 4378, Women 945; Tuition $150; Ex- 
penses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., C.E.C., 
M.E., LL.B., M.D., D.D.S., V.M.D. A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 

Motto — Literae Sine Morihus Vanae. Colors — Crimson and Navy Blue. 
Sororities — 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

Purdue University 
Lafayette, Ind. 
State; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$2,250,000 ; Income, $1,000,000; Faculty 219, Men 205, Women 
14; Students 2415, Men 2109, Wom.en 306; Tuition Free; Ex- 
penses $350; Degrees, B.S., M.S. 
A. C. A., C. 

Motto — None. Colors — Old Gold and Black. 

Sororities — 1915, Kappa Alpha Theta. 

* All undergraduate departments are not open to women. 



156 Statistical Data 

Simpson College 

Indianola, Iowa ^ 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1867; Women admitted! 
1867; Valuation $228,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 31/ 
Men 20, Women 11; Students 429, Men 180, Women 249 
Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.Mus. 
Motto — None. Colors — Bed and Old Goldi 

Sororities— 1874, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1907." 
Alpha Chi Omega; 1917, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). 

University of South Dakota 
Vermilion, S. D. 
State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation 
$500,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 50, Men 40, Womeni 
10, Students 425, Men 300, Women 125 ; Tuition Free ; Ex- 
penses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., B.Mus. LL.B. 
Motto — Veritas. Color — Vermilion 

Sororities — 1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1912, Kappa Alpha Theta. 

University of Southern California 
Los Angeles, Cal. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 
1880; Valuation $800,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 
237, Men 202, Women 35 ; Students 2505, Men 1465, Women 
1040; Tuition $86; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M.^ 
M.D., LL.B., LL.M., D.D.S., B.D., Ph.G., C.E., E.E. 
Motto — Palman Qui Meruit Ferat. Color — Gold. 

Sororities— 1895, Alpha Chi Omega;* 1910, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1915, 
Phi Mu; 1917, Kappa Delta, Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta. 

* Inactive 1898-1905. 



Statistical Data 157 

Southwestern University 
Georgetown, Tex. 
Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women ad- 
mitted 1893 ; Valuation $300,000 ; Endowment $100,000 ; Fac- 
ulty 28, Men 19, Women 9 ; Students 680, Men 384, Women 
296; Tuition $63; Expenses $150; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. 
Motto — None. Colors — Lemon and Black, 

Sororities— 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1907, Alpha Delta Pi; 1908, Phi 
Mu; 1911, Delta Delta Delta.* 

St. Lawrence University 

Canton, N. Y. 

Nonseetarian ; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; 
Valuation $430,000 ; Endowment $1,070,000 ; Faculty 50, Men 
42, Women 8; Students 512, Men 352, Women 160; Tuition 
$60; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.D., LL.B., A.M., 
M.S. ^ B K. 

Motto — Fides Et Veritas. Colors — Scarlet and Brown. 

Sororities — 1881, Kappa Kappa Gamma ;t 1891, Delta Delta Delta, 
1914, Pi Beta Phi. 

Stanford University^ 

Palo Alto, Cal. 
Nonseetarian ; Opened 1891 ; Women admitted 1891 ; 
Valuation $33,000,000 ; Endowment $25,000,000 ; Faculty 199, 
Men 178, Women 21 ; Students 1792, Men 1227, Women 565 ; 

* Sigma Sigma Sigma, 1905-1911. 

t Inactive 1898-1915- 

t The corporate name is Leland Stanford, Jr., University. 



158 Statistical Data 

Tuition $15; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., 
LL.B., J.D., E.E., M.E. A. C. A., C, <l> B K. 

Motto — None. Color — Cardinal. 

Sororities — 1891, Kappa Alpha Theta ; 1892, Kappa Kappa Gamma ; 
]893, Pi Beta Phi;* 1897, Delta Gamma; 1897, Alpha Phi; 1905, 
Gamma Phi Beta; 1909, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Alpha Omicron Pi, 
1915, Chi Omega, Sigma Kappa. 

Stetson Universityt 
De Land, Fla. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1887 ; Women admitted 1^87 ; 
Valuation $900,000; Endowment $1,023,000; Faculty 49, Men 
28, Women 21 ; Students 500, Men 300, Women 200 ; Tuition 
$72; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., Ph.B. 
Motto — Pro Deo et Veritate. Colors — Green and White. 

Sororities— 1913, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta ;| 1917, Alpha Xi 
Delta. 

Swarthmore College 
Swarthmore, Pa. 

Friends ; Opened 1869 ; Women admitted 1869 ; Valuation 
$2,000,000; Endowment $1,500,000; Faculty 47, Men 40, 
Women 7; Students 409, Men 184, Women 225; Tuition 
$150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., C.E., 
M.E., E.E. C, ^ B K. 

Motto — Mind the Light. Color — Garnet. 

Sororities— 1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta Phi; 1893,. 
Kappa Kappa Gamma ; 1912, Delta Gamma. 

* Inactive 1897-1905. 

t The corporate name is John B. Stetson University. 

$ Alpha Kappa Psi, 1909-1913. 



Statistical Data 159 

Syracuse University 

Syracuse, N. Y. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1871; Women admitted 
1871 ; Valuation $3,844,475 ; Endowment $2,081,450 ; Faculty 
244, Men 213, Women 31 ; Students 3368, Men 1644, Women 
1724; Tuition $108; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., 
B.S., B.Ar., B.Mus., B.L., B.Pd., B.L.S., M.D., LL.B., C.E., 
E.E., M.E. A. C. A., ^ B K. 

Motto — Suas Cultores Scientia Coronat. Color — Orange, 

Sororities — 1872, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta; 1883, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Delta Delta Delta; 1897, Pi 
Beta Phi; 1901, Delta Gamma; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta, Alpha Gamma 
Delta; 1905, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega; 1911, Chi Omega; 
1914, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1900, Zeta Phi (Med.) ; 1905, Mu Phi Epsilon 
(Mus.) ; 1910, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). 

University of Tennessee 
Knoxville, Tenn. 

State; Opened 1794; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$762,500; Endowment $427,000; Faculty 157, Men 152, 
Women 5 ; Students 888, Men 716, Women 172 ; Tuition Free ; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., B.S.A., A.M., M.S., 
M.E., E.E., C.E., M.S.A., LL.B., LL.M., M.D., D.D.S. 
^ B K. 

Motto — Veritatem Cognoscetis Et Veritas Vos Liderahit. 

Colors — Orange and White. 
Sororities— 1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1904, Zeta 
Tau Alpha; 1908, Phi Mu. 



160 Statistical Data 

University of Texas 
Austin, Tex. 

State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation 
$1,900,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 165, Men 135, 
Women 30; Students 3282, Men 2002, Women 1280; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., C.E., 
E.E., M.E., LL.B., LL.M., M.D. ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Colors — Orange and White. 

Sororities — 1902, Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Kappa 
Alpha Theta, Chi Omega; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha, Alpha Delta Pi; 1912, 
Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Phi Mu. 

Toronto University 
Toronto, Can. 

Government ; Opened 1843 ; Women admitted 1884 ; Valua- 
tion $4,800,000; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 385, Men 
354, Women 31; Students 4044, Men 3306, Women 738; 
Tuition $52; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., M.B., 
M.D., LL.B., LL.M., C.E., E.E., M.E., D.D.S., B.S.A., 
B.V.S., Pharm.B., B.Paed. A. C. A., C. 

Motto — Velut Arbor Aevo. Colors — Azuret Argent. 

Sororities— 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta;* 1906, Alpha Phi; 1908, Pi 
Beta Phi; 1911, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1913, Delta Gamma; 1908, 
Zeta Phi (Med.). 

Transylvania University 
Lexington, Ky. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1789; Women admitted 1887; 
Valuation $1,000,000 ; Endowment $500,000 ; Faculty 30, Men 

♦Inactive 1888-1903. 



Statistical Data 161 

19, Women 11 ; Students 273, Men 184, Women 89 ; Tuition 
$50; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. 
Motto — In Lumine Illo Tradimus Lumen. Color — Crimson. 

Sororities— 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Beta Sigma Omicron; 1908, 
Delta Delta Delta. 

Trinity College 

Durham, N. C. 
Methodist Episcopal South ; Opened 1859 ; Women ad- 
mitted 1901; Valuation $750,000; Endowment $450,000; 
Faculty 40 ; Students 300, Men 235, Women 65 ; Tuition $50 ; 
Expenses $250 ; Degree, A.B. 
Motto — None. Colors — None. 

Sororities— 1911, Alpha Delta Pi; 1912, Kappa Delta; 1915, Zeta 
Tau Alpha. 

University of Utah 

Salt Lake City 

State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1850; Valua- 
tion $1,000,000; Faculty 130, Men 94, Women 36; Students 
3148, Men 1343, Women 1805; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; 
Degrees, B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., LL.B. 
C. 
Motto — None. Colors — Crimson and White. 

Sororities — 1914, Chi Omega. 

Vanderbilt University 

Nashville, Tenn. 
Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1875; Women ad- 
mitted 1888; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $1,500,000; 



162 Statistical Data 

Faculty 125; Students 984, Men 944, Women 40; Tuition 
$100; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., M.S., D.Se., 
Ph.D., B.E., C.E., M.E., E.M., E.E. ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Colors — Gold and Black, 

Sororities — 1904, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 
1917, Alpha Omicron Pi. 

University of Vermont 
Burlington, Vt. 

State ; Opened 1800 ; Women admitted 1871 ; Valuation 
$1,400,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 99 Men 96, Wo- 
men, 3; Students 559, Men 454, Women 105; Tuition $100; 
Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., B.S., M.S., C.E., 
E.E., M.E., M.D. C, ^ B K. 

Motto — Studiis Et Behus Honestis. Colors — Green and Gold. 

Sororities— 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Delta Delta; 
1898, Pi Beta Phi ; 1915, Alpha Xi Delta. 

Washburn College 
Topeka, Kan. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1865; Women admitted 1865; 
Valuation $650,000; Endowment $800,000; Faculty 61, Men 
47, Women 14; Students 905, Men 368, Women 537; Tuition 
$75; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A., B.S., B.M., LL.B. 
Motto — Non Nobis Solum. Color — Yale Blue. 

Sororities— 1914, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1916, Alpha Phi; 1917, 
Sift'ma Alpha Iota (Mus.) 



Statistical Data 163 

Washington State College 

Pullman, "Wash. 

State; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
$1,700,000; Endowment $3,700,000; Faculty 127, Men 81, 
Women 26; Students 375, Men 250, Women 125; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
Motto — None. Colors — None. 

Sororities— 1912, Pi Beta Phi; 1913, Alpha Delta Pi, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1916, Alpha Chi Omega. 

University of Washington 
Seattle, Wash. 

State; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valuation 
$11,000,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty 148, Men 136, 
Women 12 ; Students 2765, Men 1466, Women 1299 ; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., B.S., 
M.E., C.E., M.E., E.E., Forestry, Pharm. A. C. A., ^ B K. 
Motto — Lnx Sit. Colors — Purple and Gold. 

Sororities — 1903, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta; 1905, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma ; 1907, Pi Beta Phi, Alpha Xi Delta ; 1908, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta, Chi Omega, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, 
Sigma Kappa, Alpha Chi Omega; 1914, Alpha Phi, Delta Zeta; 1915, 
Alpha Omicron Pi; 1917, Alpha Delta Pi, Phi Mu, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1915, 
Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). 

Washington University 

St. Louis, Mo. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1859 ; Women admitted 1870 ; 

Valuation $12,174,839; Endowment $9,728,992; Faculty 158; 

Students 1326, Men 738, Women 588 ; Tuition $150 ; Expenses 



164 Statistical Data 

$350; Degrees, A.B., B.S., M.A., M.S., Ph.D., M.D., D.D.S., 
LL.B., C.E., M.E., E.E., Ch.E., B.Arch. 
A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 

Motto — Per Veritatem Vis. Colors — Myrtle and Maroon. 

Sororities— 1906, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1907, Pi Beta PM; 1914, 

Delta Gamma; 1917, Gamma Phi Beta. 

University of West Virginia 
Morgantown, W. Va. 
State ; Opened 1867 ; Women admitted 1889 ; Valuation, 
$2,000,000; Endowment, $115,769; Faculty 84, Men 72, 
Women 12; Students 1525, Men 844, Women 681; Tuition 
$50; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., 
M.E., C.E. ^ B K. 

Motto — To Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. 

Colors — Old Gold and Navy Blue. 
Sororities— 1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 1906, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma. 

Whitman College 

Walla Walla, Wash. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; 
Valuation $600,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 23, Men 
19, Women 4; Students 273, Men 150, Women 125; Tuition 
$100; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S. 
Motto — None. Colors — None. 

Sororities— 1913, Phi Mu. 



Statistical Data 165 

University of Wisconsin 
Madison, Wis. 

State; Opened 1850; Women admitted I860; Valuation 
$5,159,225; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 482, Men 433, 
Women 49 ; Students 5970, Men 4245, Women 1725 ; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $400; Degrees, B.A., B.S., Ph.B., M.A., M.S., 
Ph.M., Ph.D., C.E., E.E., M.E., Ch.E., LL.B. 
A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 
Motto — Numen Lumen, Color — Cardinal, 

Sororities — 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1881, Delta Gamma; 1884, 
Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, 
Alpha Phi; 1898, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Chi 
Omega; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1917, Alpha 
Omieron Pi. 

Wittenberg College 

Springfield, Ohio 

Lutheran; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1874; Valua- 
tion $150,000; Endowment $513,000; Faculty 32, Men 27, 
Women 5 ; Students 818, Men 497, Women 321 ; Tuition $75 ; 
Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., B.D., M.A. 

Motto — Having Light They Will Give to Others, 

Colors — Cardinal and Cream, 
Sorority— 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1913, Alpha Delta Pi. 

University of Wyoming 
Laramie, Wyo. 

State; Opened 1§87; Women admitted 1887; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 43, Men 29, 



166 Statistical Data 

Women 14 ; Students 350, Men 150, Women 200 ; Tuition Free ; 
Expenses $250; Degrees B.A., B.S., B.Ped., M.A., M.S. 
Motto — None, Colors — Brown and Yellow, 

Sororities— 1910, Pi Beta Phi; 1913, Delta Delta Delta; 1914, 
Kappa Delta. 

Coordinate Colleges 

The coordinate college is a hybrid in that it partakes 
of the nature of both the affiliated and the coeducational 
institution, but always with an increasing tendency toward 
the characteristics of the affiliated college. The segregation 
policy inaugurated by the University of Chicago in 1902 
has been copied by a number of colleges especially in the 
East and Middle West. All these institutions were coeduca- 
tional for a longer or shorter period and made the change for 
a variety of reasons, one because of the increasing enrolment 
of women students, another because of the decreasing attend- 
ance of men students, a third to enable the women to enjoy a 
more distinct social life. At present separation in chapel 
exercises and in the required work of the college is as far as 
most of them have followed in the lead of Chicago. Strangely 
enough the authorities in charge of the women of this large 
university are opposed to the admission of branches of the 
national sororities, while the small colleges welcome them 
heartily. 

Bucknell University 

Lewisburg, Pa. 
Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Women's 
College created 1905 ; Valuation $400,000 ; Endowment $700,- 



Statistical Data 167 

000 ; Faculty 36, Men 35, Women 1 ; Students 514, Men 373, 
Women 141; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; Degrees, A.B., 
Ph.B., B.S., A.M., M.S. 

Motto — None, Colors — Orange and Blue, 

Sororities— 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Delta Delta Delta; 1915, 
Kappa Delta; 1916, Mu Phi Epsilon (Musical). 

University of Chicago 

Chicago, 111. 

Baptist; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Women's 
Junior College created 1902; Valuation $9,000,000; Endow- 
ment $9,000,000; Faculty 373, Men 324, Women 49; Students 
4580, Men 2319, Women 2261 ; Tuition $120 ; Expenses $300 ; 
Degrees, A.B., Ph.B., S.B., A.M., Ph.M., S.M., Ph.D., D.B., 
Ed.B., LL.D., J.D. A. C. A., ^ B K. 

Motto — None, Color — Maroon, 

Sororities— 1898, Nu Sigma Phi (Med.) ; 1903, Alpha Epsilon Iota 
(Med.). 

The Esoteric was founded in December, 1893. The total member- 
ship is 85. The badge is a half -inch square of gold, the entire space 
being covered with the word Esoteric in green and white enamel. 
The pledge pin is a square of green enamel displaying the letter E in 
iwhite enamel. The colors are green and white, the flower the white 
rose. 

The Mortar Board was organized November 10, 1894. The total 
membership is 100. The badge is of dark blue enamel and is designed 
to represent a mortar board, the tassel being of gold. The pledge pin 
is a square with bevelled edges, bearing the letters M B in gold on a 
field of blue enamel. 



168 Statistical Data 

The Quadranglers was organized in January, 1895. The total 
membership is 95. The badge is a square of black enamel with gold 
edges, the lowest angle pierced with the letter Q, which is set with 
ten pearls, the tail of the Q being black enamel. The colors are black 
and white. 

The Sigma Club was founded October 5, 1895. The total member- 
ship is 125. The badge is a gold-edged Sigma of black enamel, the 
central point supporting a gold star set with a turquoise. The pledge 
pin is a star, half blue and half black. The colors are turquoise blue 
and black. 

The Wyvern was founded in October, 1898. The total member- 
ship is 60. The badge is a W set with either pearls or diamonds and 
entwined with a winged dragon or wyvern of gold. The pledged 
member wears a silver ring encircled by a dragon. The colors are 
gold and white, the flower the chrysanthemum. The flag shows a 
white dragon on a yellow field. 

Phi Beta Delta was founded in December, 1899. The total mem- 
bership is 60. The badge is an open equilateral triangle of rose gold, 
through which and around which twines a winged dragon holding a 
sapphire in its mouth. The letters appear in the angles of the triangle. 
The pledge pin is an open triangle of dark blue enamel. The colors 
are dark blue and gold, the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. The 
jewel is the sapphire. 

Colby College 

Waterville, Me. 

Baptist; Opened 1820; Women admitted 1871; "Women's 
Division created 1890; Valuation $400,000; Endowment 
$500,000; Faculty 23, Men 20, Women 3; Students 358; Men 
215, Women 143; Tuition $90; Expenses $160; Degrees, A.B., 
B. S. ^ B K. 

Motto — Lux Mentis Scientia, Colors — Gray and Blue, 

Sororities— 1874, Sigma Kappa; 1906, Chi Omega; 1908, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1915, Alpha Delta Pi. 



Statistical Data 169 

Middlebury College 
Middlebury, Vt. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1800 ; Women admitted 1883 ; 
Women's College created 1902; Valuation $750,000; Endow- 
ment $1,000,000 ; Faculty 29, Men 27, Women 2 ; Students 330 ; 
Men 180, Women 150 ; Tuition $80 ; Expenses $250 ; Degrees, 
A.B., B.S., A.M. C, ^ B K. 

Motto — Scientia Et Virtus. Colors — Blue and White. 

Sororities— 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1911, Sigma Kappa; 1916, Delta 
Delta Delta. 

Independent Colleges for Women 

Of the 96 independent colleges for women in the United 
States but few have any considerable endowment and only 
five are at present on the roll of Phi Beta Kappa, though 
several others are doing work worthy of such recognition. 
In the list of sixteen colleges that follow are included all 
that have chapters of Congress Sororities, or whose combined 
valuation and endowment aggregate more than $500,000. 

Adelphi College 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1896; Valuation $750,000; Endow- 
ment $113,000; Faculty 30, Men 19, Women 11; Students 
467; Tuition $180; Expenses $300; Degrees, B.A. M.A., B.S. 
Motto — The truth shall maTce us free. Colors — Brown and Gold. 

Sororities — 1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1908, Delta Gamma; 1911, Delta Delta Delta; 1913, Phi Mu. 



170 Statistical Data 

Brenau College 

Gainesville, Ga. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1878 ; Valuation $350,000 ; Faculty 
42, Men 12, Women 30 ; Students 454 ; Tuition $80 ; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, A.B., B.O., B.M. 
Motto — None. Colors — None. 

Sororities — 1910, Alpha Delta Pi, Sigma Iota Chi, Phi Mu, Zeta Tau 
Alpha; 1911, Alpha Chi Omega; 1913, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1914, Delta 
Delta Delta;- 1911, Mu Phi EpsHon (Mus.). 

Bryn Mawr 

Bryn Mawr, Pa. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1885; Valuation $2,244,293; En- 
dowment $1,890,000; Faculty 60, Men 30, Women 30; Stu- 
dents 459; Tuition $200; Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., A.M., 
Ph.D. A. C. A. 

Motto — Veritatem Dilexi, Colors — Yellow and White. 

Florida State College for Women 

Tallahassee, Fla. 

State; Opened 1905; Faculty 26, Men 10, Women 16, 
Students 402; Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, A.B., 
B.S., A.M., M.S. 
Motto — Vires, Mores, Artes. Colors — Garnet and Gold. 

Sororities— 1904, Kappa Delta; 1908, Chi Omega; 1909, Alpha 
Delta Pi; 1916, Delta Delta Delta. t 

* Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1909-14. 
t Alpha Kappa Psi. 1908-16. 



Statistical Data 171 

Goucher College 

Baltimore, Md. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1888; Valuation $1,647,854; 
Endowment $1,000,000 ; Faculty 27, Men 14, Women 13 ; Stu- 
dents 367 ; Tuition $150 ; Expenses $300 ; Degree, A.B. $ B K. 
Motto— I Thess. V, 2S, Colors— Dark Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities — 1891, Alpha Phi; 1892, Delta Gamma; 1893, Gamma 
Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

In addition to these branches of the national organizations there 
is a prominent local society called Tau Kappa Pi, which was organized 
in 189^2, and has a total membership of 150. The society has no 
desire to affiliate with any sorority and though it has a national 
charter it does not intend to establish other chapters. The badge is 
an arch bearing the letters of the society's name and a Sphinx head. 
The colors are old rose and white, the flower the chrysanthemum. 

HoUins College 
HoUins, Va. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1842; Valuation $310,000; Faculty 
16, Men 9, Women 7; Students 122; Tuition $100; Expenses 
$300; Degree, A.B. 
Motto — Levavi Oculos. Colors — None, 

Sororities— 1902, Kappa Delta; 1904, Phi Mu; 1914, Delta Delta 
Delta;* 1916, Gamma Phi Beta;t 1917, Pi Beta Phi. 



* Sigma Sigma Sigma, 1905-14. 
tPhi Mu Gamma, 1898-1916. 



172 Statistical Data 

Judson College 

Marion, Ala. 

Baptist; Opened 1839; Valuation $300,000; Faculty 23, 
Men 4, Women 19; Students 211; Tuition $65; Expenses 
$300; Degree, A.B. 
Motto — None. Colors — None. 

Sororities — 1904, Kappa Delta, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1910, Alpha Delta 
Pi, Eta Upsilon Gamma; 1913, Delta Delta Delta." 

Mills College 
Mills College, Cal. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1865; Chartered as 
a college 1885; Valuation $500,000; Endowment $425,000; 
Faculty 34, Men 7, Women 27; Students 138; Tuition $150; 
Expenses $350; Degrees, A.B., B.L., B.S. 
Motto — For Christ and the World. Colors — White and Gold. 

Mu Sigma Sigma, founded October 14, 1897, was started as a 
society that should include all college students who wished to join, 
but was changed in 1900 to a secret organization. The total member- 
ship is 100. The badge is a gold Mu with the Sigmas superimposed 
upon it. The Sigmas may be jewelled, but only pearls or diamonds 
are used, as the society's colors are white and gold. The badge worn 
by pledge members is a monogram stick pin, a Pi superimposed upon 
a Sigma. 

Delta Theta Delta was established in 1899 and was the first 
secret society at Mills. The total membership is 90. The badge is an 
oblong of black enamel with the letters of the society's name in gold. 
The colors are green and black. 

* Phi Mu Gamma, 1904-13. 



Statistical Data 173 

Mount Holyoke College 

South Hadley, Mass. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1837; Chartered as 
a college 1888; Valuation $1,054,763; Endowment $838,751; 
Faculty 130, Men 11, Women 119; Students 754; Tuition 
$150; Expenses $200; Degrees, A.B., A.M., A.C.A.; C, ^ B K. 
Motto— Psalm CLXIV-XII. Color— Pale Blue, 

Randolph-Macon Woman's College 
Lynchburg, Va. 

Methodist Episcopal South ; Opened 1893 ; Valuation $631,- 
000; Endowment $382,000; Faculty 46, Men 16, Women 30; 
Students 572; Tuition $75; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., 
A.M. ^ B K. 
Motto — None. Colors — Lemon and BlacTc. 

Sororities— 1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1903, Alpha 
Omicron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1905, Delta Delta Delta; 1910, Phi 
Mu, Alpha Delta Pi; 1913, Pi Beta Phi;^ 1916, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1917, Sigma Kappa. 

Simmons College 
Boston, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1902 ; Valuation $129,000 ; Endow- 
ment $2,000,000; Faculty 96, Men 29, Women 67; Students 
944; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degree, B.S. 
Motto — Art, Science, Industry, Colors — Blue and Gold. 

* Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1908-13. 



174 Statistical Data 

Smith College 
Northampton, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875; Valuation $3,274,707; En- 
dowment $1,276,000; Faculty 147, Men 37, Women 110; 
Students 1565; Tuition $150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., 
A.M., Ph.D. A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 

Motto — Add to Tour Virtue Knowledge, Color — White. 

For a number of years there was only one Greek-Letter society at 
Smith, but later when the college grew large enough to support two 
and when it seemed that competition would add strength and inspira- 
tion to the one already formed, it was decided that five members 
should go out from the first and organize a second on similar lines. 
These ^ve were finally volunteers, as the matter was too delicate a 
one to put to vote. As a reward for their self-sacrifice they were 
permitted to retain their original membership, but they were the only 
students who ever belong to both organizations. 

Although these two Greek-Letter Societies are not regarded by 
either students or faculty as secret sororities, the difference between 
them and the local secret societies at other colleges is very slight. 
The large membership precludes any very close friendship such as 
the sororities seek to foster, and for thi& reason they resemble the 
class societies in vogue at some of the men's colleges. The letters 
of the Greek names have a special significance for the initiated and 
neither meetings nor membership are open. Rushing, however, has 
been eliminated by a unique custom of allowing each society in turn 
first choice. One year one society has the privilege of making the 
first drawing, but the next year it goes to the other. If the society 
elects three members, the other takes the same number the following 
week, and so the drawings go on until the entire delegation is selected. 
Since it is just as much honor to belong to the one as to the other, 
no one ever refuses an offer from one in hopes of receiving an 
invitation from the other. There are always sixty members in each 



Statistical Data 175 

at the close of the year and this number is invariably made up 
of twenty-five seniors, twenty juniors and fifteen sophomores, though 
sophomores are not admitted until after the Christmas recess. The 
basis of membership is high scholarship, special literary power, or 
marked executive ability. Meetings are held once in three weeks at 
the rooms that each society has in the Students' Building. They are 
usually of a literary character, followed by a social gathering, but 
quite often a play is given. Once a year each has an open meeting 
when some interesting speaker delivers a lecture. 

The Alpha Society was founded three years after the college was 
opened. It aims to provide instruction and entertainment for its 
members. The badge is of Roman gold and is a facsimile of a 
primitive Greek Alpha. The club color is red. 

Phi Kappa Psi was founded in February, 1887. It aims to en- 
courage a high grade of scholarship, especially along literary lines, 
and to bring into intimate relations those who have congenial interests. 
The badge consists of three equilateral triangles of white enamel, 
each bearing one letter of the society's name in gold and all meeting 
at a common centre under a single pearl. Each one of the three equal 
spaces between the triangles is filled with a gold fleur de lis. The 
club color is gold, the flower the daffodil. 

Trinity College 

Washington, D. C. 

Catholic ; Opened 1900 ; Valuation $1,500,000 ; Endowment 

$25,000 ; Faculty 31, Men 8, Women 23 ; Students 165 ; Tuition 

$150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A.B., B.S., A.M. A. C. A. 

Motto — TJnitas in Trinitate. Colors — Eoyal Purple and Gold, 

Vassar College 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1865; Valuation $2,784,314; En- 
dowment $1,385,754; Faculty 101, Men 17, Women 84; Stu- 



176 Statistical Data 

dents 1018; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees A.B., A.M^ 
A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 

Motto — None. Colors — Bose and Gray, . 

Wellesley College 
Wellesley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875 ; Valuation $3,000,000 ; Endow- 
ment $1,278,748; Faculty 126, Men 13, Women 113; Students; 
1424; Tuition $175; Expenses $350; Degrees, B.A., M.A. 
A. C. A., C, ^ B K. 
Motto — Non Ministrari Sed Ministrare. Color — Dark Blue. 

In November 1876, Mr. Henry Fowle Durant, founder of Wellesley 
College, suggested the formation of societies devoted to social and 
literary ends. During his lifetime three were established. Phi Sigma, 
Zeta Alpha and the Shakespeare Society. These were suspended from 
1881 to 1889 by the college. Almost immediately after their re- 
establishment three others were organized for the same general 
purposes. All these societies claim to be secret in certain matters 
of detail, though their constitutions were submitted to the faculty 
for approval and each one has faculty members. All contribute 
toward the enrichment of life within the college by publishing their 
formal programs in the college papers and by inviting students outside 
their own number to lectures, addresses and social entertainment 
within their houses. 

In the early history of these societies freshmen were admitted, but 
as the years went on there was a marked tendency on the part of 
all to postpone elections to membership. This conservatism culminated 
in an inter-sorority compact made in June, 1904, not to extend invi- 
tations before the first day of the Christmas vacation of the sophomore 



Statistical Data 177 

year. It was later decided to admit seniors and juniors only. In 
1911 the experiment of a new basis for membership was made. The 
active membership is limited to fifty in the case of each society. 

The society houses at Wellesley, unlike the fraternity houses of 
other colleges, which usually serve as homes for their members 
during the college course, are merely attractive resorts for studious 
or leisure hours. Each contains a hall for meetings, a library, a den, 
a kitchen, and cloak rooms; yet each has its own especial features, 
embodying some underlying thought of dignity and beauty. 

Phi Sigma was founded November 6, 1876, with sixteen charter 
members. Its aim is to give ^'Additional literary training and social 
intercourse, to strengthen character, to uphold scholarship and to 
unite the interests of the undergraduates.'' It is the only Wellesley 
society that placed a chapter elsewhere, the Beta Chapter having 
been located at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., from 1893 to 
1903. The total membership of the Alpha chapter is 434. The badge 
is a shield of black enamel set with pearls and bearing the Greek 
letters of the society's name in gold. The society has a handsome 
house on the college grounds near Lake Waban. It was built in 
1900 and is a model of an Italian villa. Each December a Christmas 
play written by one of the members is presented. 

Zeta Alpha was founded November 6, 1876. The society always 
has one open meeting during the year, a masque, to show its guests 
something representative of its work. The total membership is 500. 
Its badge and that of Sigma Psi of the College for Women of 
Western Eeserve University are identical in size and shape, but the 
pin of Zeta Alpha is all of gold with a facsimile of an old Roman 
lamp across the centre. In the upper angle is a star set with a 
turquoise and in the lower angles are the letters Zeta and Alpha in 
blue enamel. The society's house is a handsome colonial structure, 
with grounds laid out to represent an old colonial garden. 

The Shakespeare Society was founded April, 1877. Its aim is 
'^The systematic study of Shakespeare as a means of development." 
It was at first an open club and many who belonged to Phi Sigma 



178 Statistical Data 

or Zeta Alpha were enrolled among its members, but in 1889 it was 
put upon the same basis as the other societies. The total membership 
is about 750. The badge is a gold mask with a silver quill through 
the left eye and above the mask the gold letters, W. S., a facsimile 
of Shakespeare's autograph on his will. The society's house, erected 
in 1898, facing Tree Day Green, is after the style of Shakespeare's 
birthplace at Stratford and is one of the picturesque sights of 
Wellesley. The annual play, presented out-of-doors in Rhododendron 
Hollow, is always one of the memorable occasions of the commence- 
ment season. 

Tau Zeta Epsilon was founded in 1889 as the ^ ^ Art Society. ' ' The 
name was changed in 1895, but the aim remained the same, viz., 
^^To disseminate an artistic spirit and an appreciation of the beautiful! 
and creative art and nature on the one hand, on the other to bring 
its members into closer fellowship with one another. ' ' The total mem- 
bership is 400. The badge is of gold and represents an ancient 
chariot wheel with a wing fastened to the axle. On the felloe are ■ 
the initials of the society's name in violet enamel. The society house,, 
containing a hall, fashioned after the old English style with plastered I 
walls, heavy timbers, high wainscoting, fireplace, and balcony, is 
situated at the base of a wooded hill on the verge of a broad meadow. 
The members give each year a Studio Reception. 

The Agora received the charter giving it a right to exist as one 
of the six societies of Wellesley in 1892. Up to that time it had 
been a political club founded by a few freshmen in the village 
who met to discuss political questions. Its aim is ^'To create in 
its members an intelligent interest in the political questions of the 
day.'' The total membership is 350. The badge represents the hel- 
met of Athena and bears upon the crest the word Agora in Greek 
characters of Wellesley blue enamel. The society's house is beau- 
tifully situated near Lake Waban and is built somewhat after the 
style of a Greek temple. The Agora gives each year an open meeting 
in the form of a debate, at which the society shows to about 600 
guests what its work is. 



Statistical Data 179 

Alpha Kappa Chi was founded May 14, 1892, as the '' Classical 
Society/' but its name was changed in 1897 when it became a 
secret society. Its aim is ^^To further the interest in ancient Greek 
and Roman drama, literature, and art and their influence on modern 
drama literature and art/' The total membership is 275. The badge 
is a scroll of black enamel bearing the letters Alpha Kappa Chi in 
gold. The society house, erected recently and not yet finished, is 
modelled after a private Roman house, the atrium being lighted en- 
tirely from above. In 1907 a south wing was added, and the society 
expects shortly to add a wing on the other side. Each June a play, 
usually in the original Greek, taken from the society's study for the 
year, is given in the college groves. 



180 Statistical Data 



Colleges on Rolls of Junior Sororities 

Belhaven College, Jackson, Miss., 1911 — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta 
Upsilon Gamma, Sigma Iota CM. 

Boscobel College, Nashville, Tenn., 1889, — Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

Centenary College, Cleveland, Tenn., 1903, — Beta Sigma Omicron, 
Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

Central College, Lexington, Mo., 1869, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta 
Upsilon Gamma, Sigma Iota Chi. 

Colorado Woman's College, Denver, Colo., 1909, — Eta Upsilon 
Gamma; Beta Sigma Omicron, Sigma Iota Chi. 

Greenville College, Greenville, S. C, 1854, — Eta Upsilon Gamma, Beta 
Sigma Omicron, Sigma Iota Chi. 

Grenada College, Grenada, Tenn. — Sigma Iota Chi. 

Hardin College, Mexico, Mo., 1873, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta 
Upsilon Gamma, Sigma Iota Chi. 

Lindenwood College, St. Charles, Mo., 1831, — Eta Upsilon Gamma, 
Sigma Iota Chi, Beta Sigma Omicron. 

Martha Washington College, Abingdon, Va., 1859, — Sigma Iota Chi. 

St. Katherine's College, Bolivar, Tenn. — Sigma Iota Chi. 

Stephens College, Columbia, Mo., 1856, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Sigma 
Iota Chi, Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

Synodical College, Fulton, Mo., 1873, — Beta Sigma Omicron, Eta 
Upsilon Gamma. 











iPrat^rntty 25abgrB 



Men's Literary Fraternities 181 



MEN'S LITERARY FRATERNITIES 

ALPHA CHI RHO— June 4, 1895— Allegheny, Brooklyn Pol. Inst., 
Columbia, Cornell, Dickinson, Illinois, Lafayette, Pennsylvania, Syracuse, 
Trinity, Firginia, Wesleyan, Washington and Lee, Yale — 14. *1500- 
250-100. 

Garnet and White. Garnet and White Carnation. 

The Garnet and White— 1900. 

The Laharum — 1907. 

ALPHA DELTA PHI— 1832— Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, 
Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Johns Hopkins, 
Illinois, Kenyon, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Rochester, Stanford, 
Toronto, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin, 
Yale— 25. 1800-600-250. 
Emerald Green and White. Lily of the Valley. 

ALPHA SIGMA PHI— December 1, 1845— California, Colorado, Colum- 
bia, Cornell, Harvard, Illinois, Kentucky, Marietta, Mass. Agri. Col., 
Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsyl- 
vania, Washington, Wisconsin, Yale— 18, 2800-400-200. 

Cardinal and Stone. Red Rose. 

The TomahawTc— 184,7, 

ALPHA TAU OMEGA— September 11, 1865— Adrian, Alabama, Ala. 
Pol. Inst., Albion, Brown, California, Charleston, Chicago, Colby, 
Colorado, Cornell, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hillsdale, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky, Lehigh, 
Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. 
Union, Muhlenburg, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- 
leyan, Oregon, Oregon College, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Penn- 

* Total membership, active membership, average initiation. 



182 Men's Literary Fraternities 

sylvania State, Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst., Simpson, St. Lawrence, Southern 
Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C.) 
Tufts, Tulane, Union (Tenn.), University of the South, Vanderbilt 
Vermont, Virginia, Washington State, Washington State College, Washi 
ington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, Wisconsin: 
Wittenberg, Worcester Pol. Inst., Wyoming— 67. 20,000-1300-600. 
Sky Blue and Old Gold. Tea Rose 

The PaZm— 1880. 

BETA THETA PI— August 8, 1839— Amherst, Beloit, Bethany, Boston 
Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Col 
gate, Colorado, Colorado College, Colorado Mines, Columbia, Cornell 
Dartmouth, Davidson, Denison, Denver, De Pauw, Dickinson, Ga. Sch 
Tech., Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, lowf 
Wesleyan, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kansas State College, Kenyon, Knox 
Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri 
Nebraska, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- 
leyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue 
Rutgers, South Dakota, Stanford, Stevens, St. Lawrence, Syracuse, 
Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Union, Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash 
Washington, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Wesleyan 
Western Reserve, Westminster, West Virginia, Whitman, Williams 
Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Yale— 81. 22,000-1800-650. 
Pink and Blue. Rose. 

Beta Theta Pi — 1872 

CHI PHI — 1824* — Amherst, California, Cornell, Dartmouth, Emory. 
Franklin and Marshall, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hampden-Sidney 
Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Ohio State, Ohio Wesley- 
an, Rensselaer, Rutgers, Sheffield, Stevens, Texas, Virginia — 21. 6400-^ 
350-200. 
Scarlet and Blue. None. 

* Claimed but not proved. 



Men's Literary Fraternities 183 

l/HI PSI — 1841 — Amherst, California, Chicago, Cornell, Georgia, Ham- 
ilton, Illinois, Lehigh, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Rutgers^ Stan- 
ford, Stevens, Union, Wesleyan, Williams, Wisconsin — 18. 5500-350- 
200. 
Purple and Gold. Amethyst. None. 

[)ELTA KAPPA EPSILON— June 22, 1844— Alabama, Amherst, Bow- 
loin, Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Central, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Hamilton, Illinois, Kenyon, 
Lafayette, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, 
Minnesota, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rochester, Rut- 
gers, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Trinity, Tulane, Vanderbilt, 
V'irginia, Washington State, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Williams, 
Wisconsin, Yale — 43. 19,000-1000-300. 

Urimson, Blue and Gold. None. 

The Delta Kappa Epsilon Quarterly — 1881. 

DELTA PHI— November 17, 1827 — Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Johns 
Eopkins, Lehigh, New York, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rutgers, Shef- 
ield. Union, Virginia— 12. 4200-250-100. 
Blue and White. None. 

DELTA PSI — January 17, 1847 — ColumUa, Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsyl- 
vania, Purdue, Sheffield, Trinity, Virginia, Williams— 8. 3500-200-75. 
Light Blue. None. 

DELTA SIGMA PHI— December 1, 1899— California, Chicago, C. C. 
N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Cumberland, Franklin and Marshall, Hills- 
iale. New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Rensselaer, 
Southern Methodist, Texas, Thiele, Trinity (Texas), Tulane, Waynes- 
burg, W^ashington and Lee, Wofford— 21. 1500-350-200. 
Nile Green and White. White Carnation. 

The Carnation — 1907 



184 Men's Literary Fraternities 

DELTA TAU DELTA — January 5, 1859 — Albion, Allegheny, Armom 
Inst. Tech., Baker, Brown, California, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Emory, George Washington, 
Georgia, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Illinois, Indiana, Indianapolis, Iowa, Iowa' 
State College, Kansas, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech.,. 
Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohioi 
State, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State,. 
Pittsburgh, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tun 
lane, Tufts, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash,i. 
Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee,, 
Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin — 60. 15,000-) 
1100-550. 

Purple, Gold and White. Pansy:. 

The Eainbow—lS77. 

DELTA UPSILON — November 4, 1834 — Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown,, 
California, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, De Pauw, Hamil- 
ton, Harvard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa State College, Lafayette, Lehigh,, 
Marietta, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Min- 
nesota, Nebraska, New York, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvaniay 
Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rochester, Rutgers, Stanford, Swarthmore, 
Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Union, Washington State, Western Reserve, 
Williams, Wisconsin— 43. 15,000-1000-400. 

Old Gold and Sapphire Blue. Oak Tree. None. 

Delta Upsilon Quarterly — 1882. 

KAPPA ALPHA (Northern)— November 26, 1825— Cornell, Hobart, 

Lehigh, McGill, Pennsylvania, Toronto, Williams, Union — 8. 2000- 

150-70. 

Scarlet. None. 

KAPPA ALPHA (Southern)— December 21, 1865— Alabama, Ala. Pol. 
Inst., Arkansas, Bethany, California, Centenary, Central, Charleston, 
Davidson, Delaware, Drury, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
Georgetown (Ky.), George Washington, Hampden-Sidney, Kentuckyi 



Men's Literary Fraternities 185 

State, Louisiana, Maryland Agri. Col., Mercer, Millsaps, Missouri, Mo. 
Sch. Mines, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Oklahoma, Randolph- 
Macon, Richmond, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Stanford, St. 
John^s, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Univer- 
sity of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washington and 
Lee, Westminster, \Vest Virginia, William and Mary, William Jewell, 
Wofford,— 49. 10,000-750-400. 

lUrimson and Gold. Magnolia and Red Rose. 

Kappa Alpha Journal — 1883. 

The Messenger — 1912. 

ELA.PPA SIGMA— December 10, 1869— Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Ari- 
zona, Arkansas, Baker, Bowdoin, Brown, Bucknell, California, Case, 
Chicago, Colorado, Colorado College, Colo. Sch. Mines, Cornell, Cumber- 
land, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denison, Denver, Dickinson, Georgia, Ga. 
Sch. Tech., George Washington, Hampden-Sidney, Harvard, Idaho, Illi- 
nois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lake 
Forest, Lehigh, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. 
Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Millsaps, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. 
Mines, Nebraska, New York, New Hampshire, North Carolina, N. C. A. 
& M. C, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oregon Agr. Col., Pennsyl- 
vania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, South- 
western, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, 
Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Vir- 
ginia, University of the South, Wabash, Washburn, Washington, Wash- 
ington State College, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, 
William and Mary, W^illiam Jewell, Wisconsin, Wofford, — 84. 16,000- 
1750-700. 

Scarlet, White and Emerald Green. Lily of the Valley. 

Caduceus — 1885. 
Star and Crescent — 1897. 

LAMBDA CHI ALPHA— November 2, 1909— Ala. Pol. Inst., Boston, 
Brown, Bucknell, Butler, California, Colgate, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denver, 



186 Men's Literary Fraternities 

De Pauw, Georgia, Harvard, Illinois, Knox, Louisiana, Maine, Mass. Agr. 
Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Northwestern, Oregon College, Pennsyl- 
vania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rhode Island, Rutgers, South Dakota, 
Texas, Union, Washington State College, Worcester — 31. 2000-500-350. 
Purple, Green and Gold. Violet. 

The Purple, Green and Gold — 1913. 

PHI DELTA THETA— December 26, 1848— Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., 
Allegheny, Amherst, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
Colby, Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Deni- 
son, De Pauw, Dickinson, Emory, Franklin, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa 
Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky State, Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lom- 
bard, McGill, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,, 
North Carolina, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio 
Wesleyan, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania 
State, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, South Dakota, Southwestern, Stan- 
ford, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Union, University of the South, , 
Utah, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washburn, Washington, 
Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, , 
Westminster, Whitman, Williams, Wisconsin— 79. 22,000-1500-700. 
Argent and Azure. White Carnation. 

The Scroll— 1S75. 
The Palladidim—1894:. 

PHI GAMMA DELTA— May 5, 1848— Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst, 
Brown, Bucknell, California, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado Col- 
lege, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, De Pauw, Hanover, Illi- 
nois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, 
Kansas, Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio State, Ohio Wes- 
leyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsyl- 
vania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Richmond, Stanford, Syracuse, Tennes- 
see, Texas, Trinity, Union, Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, Wash- 



Men's Literary Fraternities 187 

ington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, William 
Jewell, Williams, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, W^orcester, Yale — 60. 10,000- 
1500-500. 

Royal Purple. , Heliotrope. 

Tlrii Gamma Delta — 1879. 

PHI KAPPA PSI— February 19, 1852— Allegheny, Amherst, Beloit, 
Brown, Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado, Colum- 
bia, Cornell, Dartmouth, De Pauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, 
Lafayette, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Penn- 
sylvania College, Purdue, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, 
Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, 
Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg — 46. 12,000- 
900-300. 

Pink and Lavender. Sweet Pea. 

The Shield— 1875. 
Mystic Friend — 1911. 

PHI KAPPA SIGMA— October 19, 1850— Alabama, Armour, Cali- 
fornia, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, 
Ga. Sch. Tech., Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, 
Minnesota, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Stanford, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, 
Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, West Virginia, Wis- 
consin— 29. 5000-600-200. 

Black and Gold. None. 

Phi Kappa Sigma News Letter — 1901. 

PHI SIGMA KAPPA— March 15, 1873— Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Franklin and Marshall, George Wash- 
ington, Illinois, Iowa, Iowa State College, Lehigh, Maryland, Mass. 
Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, Pennsylvania, 



188 Men's Literary Fraternities 

Pennsylvania College, Stevens, St. John's, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, 
Union, Virginia, West Virginia, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale — 30. 3500- 
560-300. 

Silver and Magenta Red. None. 

Signet— 1903. 

PI KAPPA ALPHA— March 1, 1868— Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Beloit, 
California, Cincinnati, Cornell, Davidson, Florida, Ga. Sch. Tech., George- 
town (Ky.), Hampden-Sidney, Howard, Illinois, Iowa State College,^ 
Kansas, Kansas State College, Kentucky, Louisiana, Millsaps, Missouri, 
Mo. Sch. Mines, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. 
C, N. Ga. A. C, Ohio State, Pennsylvania State, Richmond, Rutgers, 
Southern, Southern Methodist, Southwestern, Southwestern Presbyterian, 
Syracuse, Tennessee, Transylvania, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Utah, 
Virginia, Washington and Lee, Washington State, Western Reserve, 
William and Mary — 45. 4000-500-300. 

Garnet and Old Gold. Lily of the Valley. 

The Shield and Diamond — 1890. 

The Dagger and Key — 1900. 

PI KAPPA PHI — December 10, 1904 — Alabama, California, Charleston, 
Davidson, Emory, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Nebraska, North Carolina, 
Roanoke, Trinity, Wofford— 16.* 900-250-100. 

Gold and White. Red Rose. 

Star and Lamp — 1909. 

PSI UPSrLON— November 24, 1833— Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- 
fornia, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Illinois, 
Kenyon, Lehigh, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, 
Rochester, Syracuse, Toronto, Trinity, Union, Washington, Wesleyan, 
Williams, Wisconsin, Yale— 26. 14,000-600-250. 
Garnet and Gold. None. 

* Four are sub-rosa. 



Men^s Literary Fraternities 189 

SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON— March 9, 1856— Adrian, AlaMma, Ala. 
Pol. Tech. Inst., Allegheny, Arizona, Arkansas, Beloit, Bethel, Boston, 
Bucknell, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Colo. 
Agr. Col., Colo. Sch. Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Cumberland, Dartmouth, 
Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, Emory, Florida, Franklin, George Wash- 
ington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Harvard, Hlinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa 
State College, Kansas, Kansas State College, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, 
Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Millikin, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. 
Union, Nebraska, Nevada, New, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio 
State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon Agr. Col., Pennsylvania, Penn- 
sylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, South Carolina, 
South Dakota, Southern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, St. Ste- 
phen's, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, Union, University of the 
South, Yanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington 
and Lee, Washington State College, Wisconsin, Worcester, Wyoming — 
85r 20,000-1410-600. 

Royal Purple and Old Gold. Minerva. Violet. 

The Eecord—18S0. 
Phi Alpha— 1892, 

SIGMA CHI — June 20, 1855 — Alabama, Albion, Arkansas, Beloit, 
Brown, Bucknell, Butler, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, 
De Pauw, Dickinson, George Washington, Georgia, Hanover, Hobart, 
Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, 
Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North 
Carolina, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Okla- 
homa, Oregon, Oregon Agr. Col., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, 
Pennsylvania State, Pittsburgh, Purdue, Southern California, Stanford, 
Syracuse, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, 

* Two are sub-rosa. 



190 Men^s Literary Fraternities 

Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Lee, West 

Virginia, Wisconsin— 70. 15,000-1000-600. 

Blue and Gold. White Rose..' 

The Sigma Chi Quarterly — 1881. 

The Sigma Chi Bulletin — 1887. 

SIGMA NU— January 1, 1869— Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Albion,; 
Arkansas, Bethany, Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Colo- 
rado Agr. Col., Colo. Sch. Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Dela-- 
ware, De Pauw, Emory, George Washington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech.,, 
Howard, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas,; 
Kansas State College, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard,^ 
Louisiana, Maine, Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch.i 
Mines, Montana, Mt. Union, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, N. C 
A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, 
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst., Stanford, 
Stetson, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Vir- 
ginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington State College, 
Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, West Virginia, William Jewell,! 
Wisconsin— 72. 11,000-1500-700. 

Black, White and Gold. White Rose. 

Delta of Sigma JVw— 1883. 

SIGMA PHI— March 4, 1827— California, Cornell, Hamilton, Hobart, 

liChigh, Michigan, Union, Vermont, Williams, Wisconsin — 10. 3000- 

200-75. 

Light Blue and White. None. 

SIGMA PHI EPSILON— November 1, 1901— Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas 
Baker, Brown, California, Colorado, Cornell, Dartmouth, Delaware. 
Denver, Ga. Sch. Tech., George Washington, Illinois, Illinois (Med. Col.) 
Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Lawrence, Lehigh, Mass. Agr. Col. . 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, N. C. A. & M. C, Norwich 
Ohio Northern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Randolph-Macon i 
Bichmond, Syracuse, Tennessee, Trinity (N. C), Virginia, Va. Mil. Inst. 



Men^s Literary Fraternities 191 

Washington State College, Washington and Lee, West Virginia, William 
and Mary— 40. 3000-800-300. 

Purple and Red. American Beauty and Violet. 

Sigma Phi Epsilon Journal — 1904. 

SIGMA PI— 1897— California, Cornell, Illinois, Ohio Northern, Ohio 
State, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Temple — 10. 
500-150-50. 

Lavender and White. Orchid. 

The Emerald— 1911. 

SIGMA UPSrLON — January, 1906 — Emory, Georgia, Millsaps, Missis- 
sippi, North Carolina, Randolph-Macon, South Carolina, Texas, Tran- 
sylvania, Trinity (N. C), University of the South, Vanderbilt — 12. 
600-125-75. 
Darl: green and Old Gold. Jonquil 

TAU KAPPA EPSILON— January 10,, 1899— Beloit, Chicago, Eureka 
Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State College, Knox, Millikin, Minne- 
sota— 9. 500-200-100. 

Cherry and Gray. Pearl. Red Carnation. 

The Teke—ldOS. 

THETA CHI— April 10, 1856— California, Colgate, CorneU, Dickinson, 
Florida, Hampden-Sidney, Illinois, Maine, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. 
Tech., New Hampshire, N. D. Agr. Col., Norwich, Oregon College, Penn- 
sylvania, Rensselaer, Rhode Island, Riclimond, Virginia, Worcester — 20. 
2,000-400-200. 
iS Red and White. Ruby. None. 

The Battle— 1911. 

1. THETA DELTA OHI— June 5, 1848— Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- 
li fornia, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, George Washington, 
n Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. 
i Tech., McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Stan- 



192 Men^s Literary Fraternities 

ford, Toronto, Tufts, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Wil- 
liam and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin— 30. 6000-550-250. 
Black, White and Blue. Ruby. Minerva. Red Carnation. 

The Shield— 1884:. 

THETA XI— April 29, 1864— California, Carnegie, Columbia, Cornell, 
Iowa, Iowa State College, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Bensselaer, Rose, Stevens, Texas, Wash- 
ington, Wisconsin, Yale— 17. 1500-250-100. 

None. None. 

Theta Xi Quart erly~18M. 

ZETA PSI — 1847 — Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Colby, Columbia, 
Cornell, Illinois, Lafayette, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, New YorJc, 
North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rutgers, Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, 
Tufts, Virginia, Wisconsin, Williams, Yale— 24. 8000-500-200. 
White. White Carnation. 

The Circle— 1910. 



Monthly Study Topics 193 



MONTHLY STUDY TOPICS 

October. Inception of the Sorority Idea. Phi Beta Kappa and its 
successors; types; educational opportunities for women; 
rise of sorority; causes; centers of activity; types. 

Noveinber. Extension. 1870-1885; 1885-1900; 1900-1910; open and 
closed fields; voting privileges in different sororities; ad- 
vantages and disadvantages of long, short, compact, scat- 
tered, sectional rolls; conservatism vs. expansion; univer- 
sity vs. college. 

December, Standards. Governmental; A. C. A.; S. A. C. W.; Phi Beta 
Kappa; Phi Kappa Phi; Carnegie Foundation; other agen- 
cies at work; pressing need for a definite and fair crite- 
rion. 

January. Government. Supreme governing body; usual council; 
variations in numbers and elections; advantages and dis- 
advantages in long term and tenure; present tendencies; 
salaried officers; central office. 

February. Publications. Usual; special; contemporaneous fraternity 
and sorority magazines; finance; life subscriptions. 

March. The Alumnae Movement. History; duty owed by sorority; 

advantages; national prestige; financial security; conven- 
tion representation; obligations and privileges of alumnae 
associations. 

April. The Chapter House Movement. Advantages and disad- 

vantages locally and elsewhere ; finance ; methods used by 
other fraternities and sororiti^; ownership; house rules; 
chaperons. 

May. Pan-Hellenism. History; growth; ideals; National Pan- 

Hellenic ; city Pan-Hellenics ; college Pan-Hellenics ; local 
rules; rules elsewhere; sophomore pledging; compulsory, 
voluntary; net gains to date; men's movement. 



194 Addenda 

ADDENDA 

Data Not Received 

Arizona University, Tucson, Ariz. 1917, Kappa Alpha Theta, Pi 
Beta Phi. 

Drake University, Des Moines, la. 1917, Mu Phi Epsilon. 

Millsaps College, Jackson, Miss. 1914, Kappa Delta, Phi Mu. 

Montana College, Bozeman, Mont. 1917, Alpha Omicron Pi. 

Oregon College, Corvallis, Ore. 1915, Alpha Chi Omega; 1917, Kappa 
Alpha Theta, Pi Beta Phi. 

Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1915, Delta Zeta, Zeta Tau 
Alpha, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Delta Delta. 

Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. 1915, Alpha Omicron 
Pi, Phi Mu, Alpha Delta Pi, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1916, Delta Delta Delta, 
Kappa Delta, Pi Beta Phi, Chi Omega. 

NEW CHARTER GRANTS 

A r A — Coe, Iowa State College. 
A ^ — Oklahoma. 
X Q — Cornell. 



Snhtx 



Page 

The Higher Education of Women 1 

The Evolution of the Sorority System 9 

Extension 15 

Standards 22 

Government 27 

Publications 29 

Alumnae Associations 33 

Chapter Houses 36 

Pan-Hellenism 37 

The Congress of Fraternities 38 

The Inter-Sorority Conferences 38 

The Inter-Sorority Congresses 42 

The Mission of the Sorority 45 

Literary Sororities. Congress Class 61 

Alpha Chi Omega 61 

Alpha Delta Pi 62 

Alpha Gamma Delta 63 

Alpha Omicron Pi 65 

Alpha Phi 66 

Alpha Xi Delta 67 

Chi Omega 68 

Delta Delta Delta 70 

Delta Gamma 71 

Delta Zeta 73 

Gamma Phi Beta 74 

Kappa Alpha Theta 75 

Kappa Delta 76 

Kappa Kappa Gamma 78 

Phi Mu 79 

Pi Beta Phi 80 

Sigma Kappa 82 

Zeta Tau Alpha 83 

Literary Sororities. Junior Class 84 

Beta Sigma Omicron 84 

Eta Upsilon Gamma 86 

Sigma Iota Chi 87 

Legal Sororities 88 

Kappa Beta Pi 88 



Page 

Phi Delta Delta 89 

Medical Sororities 90 

Alpha Epsilon Iota 90 

Nu Sigma Phi 91 

Zeta Phi 92 

Musical Sororities 93 

Delta Omicron 94 

Mu Phi Epsilon 95 

Sigma Alpha Iota 96 

Osteopathic Sororities 98 

Delta Omega 98 

Pedagogical Sororities 99 

Alpha Sigma Alpha 101 

Delta Sigma Epsilon 102 

Pi Kappa Sigma 102 

Sigma Sigma Sigma 103 

Necrology of Chapters 105 

Honorary Societies Admitting Women 109 

Phi Beta Kappa 109, 117 

Sigma Xi 115, 118 

Phi Kappa Phi 115, 119 

Alpha Omega Alpha 116, 120 

The Association op Collegiate Alumnae 121 

Southern Association of College Women 123 

The Carnegie Foundation 125 

Statistical Data 126 

Affiliated Colleges 127 

Coeducational Colleges 132 

Coordinate Colleges 166 

Independent Colleges for Women 169 

Colleges on Rolls of Junior Sororities 180 

Men 's Literary Fraternities 181 

Monthly Study Topics 193 

Addenda 194 




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